孟德斯鸠

Agora

孟德斯鸠

1689–1755

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

只有当权力被分开时，自由才能存续——立法、行政和司法必须分立，以便相互制衡。

定位

经验主义、启蒙运动与自由主义 · 西欧 · 政治与法, 社会与历史

分权是自由的保障：行政、立法和司法相互制衡。

核心思想

分权
《论法的精神》

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影响

受影响于 2

尼科洛·马基雅维利

受其影响
In Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans (1734) Montesquieu shared Machiavelli’s thesis from the Discourses that internal dissensions helped preserve Roman liberty. Montesquieu, Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence (1734); Dictionnaire Montesquieu (ENS Lyon), “Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains”
依据: AI 草稿
尼科洛·马基雅维利 › 1469–1527
约翰·洛克

受其影响
Montesquieu’s account of the English constitution in The Spirit of the Laws (1748) is commonly read as recasting Locke’s legislative and executive powers into three separated powers. Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), Book XI; J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689); SEP “Montesquieu”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
约翰·洛克 › 1632–1704

影响了 10

让-雅克·卢梭

影响了
Rousseau accepted as ‘established by Montesquieu’ the principle that liberty, not being a fruit of every climate, is not within every people’s reach (Social Contract, 1762). J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), Book III; Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748); SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
让-雅克·卢梭 › 1712–1778
亚当·弗格森

影响了 ✓
Ferguson’s Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767) builds on Montesquieu’s comparative politics; recalling Montesquieu, he was ‘at a loss’ why he should treat of human affairs. A. Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767), ed. F. Oz-Salzberger (1995)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
亚当·弗格森 › 1723–1816
埃德蒙·柏克

影响了 ✓
Closing An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791), Burke praised Montesquieu’s study of the English constitution as the work of a rare, wide-ranging genius. E. Burke, An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791); SEP “Edmund Burke”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
埃德蒙·柏克 › 1729–1797
切萨雷·贝卡里亚

影响了 ✓
Beccaria opened On Crimes and Punishments (1764) by invoking ‘the immortal President Montesquieu’ and built on his view that punishments beyond necessity are tyrannical. C. Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene (1764); letter to A. Morellet (1766); Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
切萨雷·贝卡里亚 › 1738–1794
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔

影响了 ✓
In the Philosophy of Right (1820) Hegel praised Montesquieu for treating laws not in isolation but as part of the whole character of a nation and its age. G. W. F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1820), Introduction; SEP “Hegel’s Social and Political Philosophy”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
埃米尔·涂尔干

影响了 ✓
In his Latin thesis (1892) Durkheim credited Montesquieu with seeing that social institutions form a system and vary with the type of society, a step towards social science. É. Durkheim, Quid Secundatus politicae scientiae instituendae contulerit (1892), in Montesquieu et Rousseau, précurseurs de la sociologie (1953); SEP “Montesquieu”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
埃米尔·涂尔干 › 1858–1917

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约翰·米勒

影响了
Millar’s Historical View of the English Government (1787/1803) says ‘the great Montesquieu pointed out the road’, calling him the Bacon and Smith the Newton of this science. J. Millar, An Historical View of the English Government (1787; 4 vols., 1803), Liberty Fund ed. (2006); J. Craig, Account of the Life and Writings of John Millar (1806)
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·米勒 › 1735–1801
里发阿·拉斐阿·塔哈塔维

影响了
Al-Tahtawi reported that in Paris he read Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws with a tutor, and his account of French government with its translation of the charter of 1814 drew on this reading of law and constitution. R. al-Ṭahṭāwī, Takhlīṣ al-ibrīz (1834); tr. D. L. Newman, An Imam in Paris (2004)
依据: AI 草稿
里发阿·拉斐阿·塔哈塔维 › 1801–1873
亚历克西·德·托克维尔

影响了 ✓
Like Montesquieu, Tocqueville explained a people’s laws through its mores and circumstances (Democracy in America, 1835–40); Raymond Aron placed both among the founders of sociology. A. de Tocqueville, De la démocratie en Amérique (1835–40); R. Aron, Les étapes de la pensée sociologique (1967)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
亚历克西·德·托克维尔 › 1805–1859
严复

影响了
Yan Fu translated The Spirit of the Laws as Fayi (1904–09), adding commentaries that compared Montesquieu’s typology of governments with Chinese institutions. Yan Fu, Fayi (1904–09); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (1964)
依据: AI 草稿
严复 › 1854–1921

批评

批评了 2

亚里士多德

批评了
Montesquieu faulted Aristotle for classifying monarchies not by the form of the constitution but by accidents such as the prince’s virtues or vices (De l’esprit des lois, 1748). Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), XI.9 (“De la manière de penser d’Aristote”)
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
托马斯·霍布斯

批评了
Montesquieu held against Hobbes that humans in nature would be timid; peace is the first natural law, and war begins with society (Spirit of the Laws, 1748, I.2–3). Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), I.2–3
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·霍布斯 › 1588–1679

作品

1748论法的精神
气候、风俗、政体——以及分权。

立场

Montesquieu asked why laws differ so widely between peoples and found the answer in their relationships to the form of government, climate, religion, trade, customs and geography – the “spirit” of a nation’s laws. He distinguished republics based on virtue, monarchies based on honour and despotisms based on fear. To protect liberty from despotism, power must check power: legislative, executive and judicial functions should be separated and balanced, as he believed they were in England. This doctrine of the separation of powers entered the American Constitution and the constitutions of modern democracies, and his comparative approach anticipated sociology.

生平与背景

Charles-Louis de Secondat was born in 1689 at La Brède near Bordeaux and inherited both the title Baron de Montesquieu and a high office in the Bordeaux parliament. His satirical Persian Letters made him famous in 1721. He sold his office, travelled through Europe and spent nearly two years in England. After twenty years of work he published The Spirit of the Laws in 1748 and died in Paris in 1755.