埃米尔·涂尔干
社会是一种自成一体的实在，塑造着个人，而当它共同的规则瓦解时，人们就会迷失方向。
定位
使社会学成为一门独立的学科：社会事实要当作物来对待；社会靠机械团结或有机团结维系，受失范的威胁，而在它们所视为神圣的东西中，它们崇拜的其实是自身。
核心思想
- 社会事实
- 机械团结与有机团结
- 失范
- 集体意识
- 神圣与世俗
影响
受影响于 6
孟德斯鸠
受其影响 ✓
In his Latin thesis (1892) Durkheim credited Montesquieu with seeing that social institutions form a system and vary with the type of society, a step towards social science. É. Durkheim, Quid Secundatus politicae scientiae instituendae contulerit (1892), in Montesquieu et Rousseau, précurseurs de la sociologie (1953); SEP “Montesquieu”
孟德斯鸠 › 1689–1755
让-雅克·卢梭
受其影响
In lectures on the Social Contract (printed 1918) Durkheim read Rousseau’s general will as anticipating his view of society as a moral reality above individuals. É. Durkheim, “Le Contrat social de Rousseau”, Revue de métaphysique et de morale 25 (1918), in Montesquieu et Rousseau, précurseurs de la sociologie (1953); SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
依据: AI 草稿
让-雅克·卢梭 › 1712–1778
伊曼努尔·康德
受其影响
Durkheim gave Kant’s categories a social origin: time, space and causality derive from collective life, above all religion (Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse, 1912). É. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912), introduction; S. Lukes, Émile Durkheim: His Life and Work (1973)
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
亨利·德·圣西门
受其影响
In lectures on socialism (1895–96, printed 1928) Durkheim called Saint-Simon the true originator of positivism and sociology, taking up his call for moral regulation of industrial society. É. Durkheim, Le Socialisme, ed. M. Mauss (1928); S. Lukes, Émile Durkheim: His Life and Work (1973)
依据: AI 草稿
亨利·德·圣西门 › 1760–1825
奥古斯特·孔德
受其影响 ✓
Durkheim took over Comte’s positive science of society but rejected the law of three stages as philosophy of history, not science (Les règles de la méthode sociologique, 1895). É. Durkheim, Les règles de la méthode sociologique (1895); A. Comte, Cours de philosophie positive (1830–42); S. Lukes, Émile Durkheim: His Life and Work (1973); SEP “Auguste Comte”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
奥古斯特·孔德 › 1798–1857
古斯塔夫·冯·施莫勒
受其影响 存在争议
Durkheim’s 1887 survey of German moral science discusses Schmoller’s work among those of the German ethical economists; the text of the survey was not read. Durkheim, “La science positive de la morale en Allemagne”, Revue philosophique 24 (1887); Wikisource, appendix to Deploige/Durkheim, Le conflit de la morale et de la sociologie (1912), names Schmoller among those he analysed – survey text itself not read
依据: AI 草稿
古斯塔夫·冯·施莫勒 › 1838–1917
影响了 12
马塞尔·莫斯 教过
教过 ✓
Mauss, Durkheim’s nephew, studied philosophy in Bordeaux under his guidance; Durkheim steered him towards the study of religion, and they wrote ‘De quelques formes primitives de classification’ together (1903). M. Fournier, Marcel Mauss (1994); É. Durkheim & M. Mauss, “De quelques formes primitives de classification”, L’Année sociologique 6 (1903)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
马塞尔·莫斯 › 1872–1950
克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯
影响了 ✓
Lévi-Strauss continued Durkheim and Mauss’s study of primitive classification (1903) but explained classifications by the structure of the human mind rather than of society (La pensée sauvage, 1962). C. Lévi-Strauss, “French Sociology”, in G. Gurvitch and W. E. Moore (eds.), Twentieth Century Sociology (1945); La pensée sauvage (1962); É. Durkheim and M. Mauss, “De quelques formes primitives de classification”, Année sociologique 6 (1903)
克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯 › 1908–2009
玛丽·道格拉斯
影响了 ✓
Douglas built on Durkheim: pollution ideas protect a social system of classification (Purity and Danger, 1966), and institutions shape what members classify and remember (How Institutions Think, 1986). M. Douglas, Purity and Danger (1966); How Institutions Think (1986); É. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
玛丽·道格拉斯 › 1921–2007
尤尔根·哈贝马斯
影响了 ✓
Habermas developed from Durkheim’s sociology of religion the thesis of a ‘linguistification of the sacred’, in which ritual authority passes into communicative agreement (Theory of Communicative Action, 1981). J. Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981), vol. II; É. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912); SEP “Jürgen Habermas”
尤尔根·哈贝马斯 › 1929–2026
皮埃尔·布迪厄
影响了 ✓
Bourdieu extended Durkheim and Mauss’s thesis on the social origin of classification schemes (1903) to the schemes of taste through which classes classify and are classified (Distinction, 1979). P. Bourdieu, La Distinction (1979), conclusion “Classes et classements”; É. Durkheim and M. Mauss, “De quelques formes primitives de classification”, L’Année sociologique 6 (1903)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
皮埃尔·布迪厄 › 1930–2002
安东尼·吉登斯
影响了 ✓
Giddens read Durkheim, beside Marx and Weber, as a theorist of industrial society and its division of labour (Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, 1971; Durkheim, 1978). A. Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971); Émile Durkheim: Selected Writings (ed., 1972); Durkheim (1978)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
安东尼·吉登斯 › 1938年生
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塔哈·侯赛因 教过
教过
Taha Hussein studied at the Sorbonne from 1915; Durkheim supervised part of his doctoral thesis on the social philosophy of Ibn Khaldun before his death in November 1917. UNESCO-IBE, “Taha Hussein (1889–1973)”, Prospects (Thinkers on Education); TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, “Tâhâ Hüseyin”
依据: AI 草稿
塔哈·侯赛因 › 1889–1973
塔尔科特·帕森斯
影响了
Parsons read Durkheim as moving from positivism to a voluntaristic theory of action in which internalised shared norms constitute social order (The Structure of Social Action, 1937). T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937), part II; H. Joas and W. Knöbl, Sozialtheorie (2004)
依据: AI 草稿
塔尔科特·帕森斯 › 1902–1979
罗伯特·K. 默顿
影响了
Merton reworked Durkheim’s concept of anomie as a strain between culturally prescribed goals and the legitimate means available to reach them (‘Social Structure and Anomie’, 1938). R. K. Merton, “Social Structure and Anomie”, American Sociological Review 3 (1938); É. Durkheim, Le suicide (1897)
依据: AI 草稿
罗伯特·K. 默顿 › 1910–2003
欧文·戈夫曼
影响了
Goffman applied Durkheim’s notion of the sacred to everyday encounters: the self is honoured in small rituals of deference and demeanour (Interaction Ritual, 1967). E. Goffman, “The Nature of Deference and Demeanor”, American Anthropologist 58 (1956), in Interaction Ritual (1967); É. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912)
依据: AI 草稿
欧文·戈夫曼 › 1922–1982
托马斯·卢克曼
影响了
Against a church-centred sociology of religion, Luckmann took up Durkheim’s functional view of religion as what binds individuals into a social order of meaning (The Invisible Religion, 1967). T. Luckmann, Das Problem der Religion in der modernen Gesellschaft (1963); The Invisible Religion (1967)
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·卢克曼 › 1927–2016
彼得·L. 伯格
影响了
In The Sacred Canopy (1967) Berger used Durkheim’s concepts of the sacred and of anomie: religion shields the socially constructed order, the nomos, against the terror of anomy. P. L. Berger, The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (1967); É. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912)
依据: AI 草稿
彼得·L. 伯格 › 1929–2017
批评
受批评于 1
爱德华·埃文思-普里查德
受其批评
Evans-Pritchard objected that Durkheim built his theory of religion on doubtful Australian ethnography and reduced the sacred to society worshipping itself (Theories of Primitive Religion, 1965). E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Theories of Primitive Religion (1965), ch. 3
依据: AI 草稿
爱德华·埃文思-普里查德 › 1902–1973
批评了 5
赫伯特·斯宾塞
批评了
Durkheim argued against Spencer that industrial society cannot rest on free contracts alone, since every contract presupposes non-contractual social rules (The Division of Labour in Society, 1893, I.7). É. Durkheim, De la division du travail social (1893), Book I, ch. 7
依据: AI 草稿
赫伯特·斯宾塞 › 1820–1903
威廉·冯特 受其影响
受其影响 ✓
During his study year in Germany (1885–86) Durkheim visited Wundt in Leipzig and took the project of an empirical science of morals from the German tradition he found there. Durkheim, “La science positive de la morale en Allemagne”, Revue philosophique 24 (1887), Wundt section; secondary reports on the study year (Berlin, Marburg, Leipzig)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
批评了
In his 1887 survey Durkheim criticised the position Wundt takes in the Ethik. Durkheim 1887 (Wundt section, Gallica scan of the Revue philosophique, seen in part); R. T. Hall (tr.), Durkheim, Ethics and the Sociology of Morals (1993)
依据: AI 草稿
威廉·冯特 › 1832–1920
加布里埃尔·塔尔德
批评了
Durkheim rejected Tarde’s explanation of social life by imitation between individuals, insisting on social facts that are external and constraining (Rules, 1895; Suicide, 1897, I.4). É. Durkheim, Les règles de la méthode sociologique (1895), ch. 1; Le suicide (1897), Book I, ch. 4
依据: AI 草稿
加布里埃尔·塔尔德 › 1843–1904
斐迪南·滕尼斯
批评了
Reviewing Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1889), Durkheim objected that modern society is no less natural and organic than community, not a mere mechanical aggregate held together by the state. É. Durkheim, review of F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Revue philosophique 27 (1889)
依据: AI 草稿
斐迪南·滕尼斯 › 1855–1936
格奥尔格·齐美尔
批评了
Durkheim objected that Simmel’s formal sociology separates the forms of association from their content too vaguely to found a science (‘La sociologie et son domaine scientifique’, 1900). É. Durkheim, “La sociologia ed il suo dominio scientifico”, Rivista italiana di sociologia 4 (1900)
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·齐美尔 › 1858–1918
作品
立场
Durkheim insisted that society is a reality of its own, not just the sum of individuals. Social facts – laws, morals, language, religious practices – exist outside the individual and constrain him, and must be studied “as things”, objectively (The Rules of Sociological Method, 1895). In The Division of Labour in Society he distinguished two forms of social cohesion: mechanical solidarity, the bond of likeness in small societies with a strong collective consciousness and repressive law, and organic solidarity, the bond of difference in societies held together by the division of labour and by restitutive law such as contract. Rapid change can produce anomie, a state without guiding norms. Even the most private act shows the social: Suicide (1897) found rates that varied with social integration and regulation and distinguished egoistic, altruistic and anomic suicide. In The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912), drawing on reports of Australian totemism, he defined religion by the division between sacred and profane and argued that in its rites a society worships itself, renewed in moments of “collective effervescence”. Critics later faulted his functionalism and his reliance on second-hand ethnography; anthropology, structuralism and Bourdieu built on him.
生平与背景
Émile Durkheim was born in 1858 in Épinal in Lorraine into a family of rabbis and studied at the École normale supérieure in Paris. After teaching philosophy at lycées and a study visit to German universities in 1885–86, he taught social science and education in Bordeaux from 1887, where in 1896 he founded the journal L’Année sociologique (first volume 1898); his doctoral thesis of 1893 was The Division of Labour in Society. During the Dreyfus affair he defended the Dreyfusards in “Individualism and the Intellectuals” (1898). From 1902 he taught at the Sorbonne, where he trained a school of collaborators, among them his nephew Marcel Mauss. The death of his son André on the Balkan front in the First World War broke him; he died in Paris in 1917.
其他主要作品
- The Division of Labour in Society (1893)
- The Rules of Sociological Method (1895)
- Suicide (1897)
- Individualism and the Intellectuals (1898)
- Primitive Classification (with Marcel Mauss, 1903)
- The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912)
- Sociology and Philosophy (essays of 1898–1911, published 1924)
- Moral Education (lectures of 1902–03, published 1925)
- Professional Ethics and Civic Morals (lectures, published 1950)
出现在
- 旅程 ‘社会学如何从哲学中产生’ · 第 12 站，共 12 站
- 旅程 ‘社会如何变得可以思考’ · 第 5 站，共 12 站
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