格奥尔格·齐美尔
社会由无数细小的互动构成，而像货币和大城市这样的现代事物改变了人们的感受方式以及彼此的关系。
定位
社会学的共同奠基者，现代性的随笔作家：货币、大都会和时尚是社会生活得以成形的诸种形式。
核心思想
- 社会化的形式
- 货币哲学
- 大都会与精神生活
影响
受影响于 3
伊曼努尔·康德
受其影响
Simmel recast Kant’s ‘How is nature possible?’ as ‘How is society possible?’, answering with a priori forms through which individuals experience themselves as members of society (Soziologie, 1908). G. Simmel, Soziologie (1908), “Exkurs über das Problem: Wie ist Gesellschaft möglich?”; Kant. Sechzehn Vorlesungen (1904); D. Frisby, Georg Simmel (1984)
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
卡尔·马克思
受其影响
Simmel wanted to build ‘a storey beneath historical materialism’, tracing economic forms themselves to psychological and metaphysical preconditions (Philosophie des Geldes, 1900, preface). G. Simmel, Philosophie des Geldes (1900), preface; D. Frisby, Georg Simmel (1984)
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
弗里德里希·尼采
受其影响
In Schopenhauer und Nietzsche (1907) Simmel read Nietzsche’s ethics as aiming at the elevation of the human type, not at egoism. G. Simmel, Schopenhauer und Nietzsche (1907); “Friedrich Nietzsche. Eine moralphilosophische Silhouette” (1896); SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900
影响了 11
马克斯·韦伯
影响了
Weber drew on Simmel’s Problems of the Philosophy of History (1892) for interpretive understanding and on The Philosophy of Money (1900), but criticised his method (fragment, c. 1908). M. Weber, “Georg Simmel als Soziologe und Theoretiker der Geldwirtschaft” (fragment, c. 1908, printed 1972); “Roscher und Knies” (1903–06); Die protestantische Ethik (1904–05); SEP “Max Weber”
依据: AI 草稿
马克斯·韦伯 › 1864–1920
马丁·布伯 教过
教过
Buber attended Simmel’s lectures in Berlin; when he edited the series Die Gesellschaft he first tried to win his ‘former teacher’ as editor, and Simmel contributed Die Religion (1906). SEP “Martin Buber”
依据: AI 草稿
马丁·布伯 › 1878–1965
阿兰·洛克 教过
教过
Between Oxford and his Harvard doctorate, Locke studied at the University of Berlin in 1910–11 under Simmel and deepened his interest in the value theory of Meinong, Ehrenfels and Brentano. SEP “Alain LeRoy Locke”
依据: AI 草稿
阿兰·洛克 › 1885–1954
格奥尔格·卢卡奇 教过
教过
Lukács attended Simmel’s private seminar in Berlin (1906–07 and 1909–10); in History and Class Consciousness (1923) he still drew on Simmel’s Philosophie des Geldes while criticising it. SEP “Georg [György] Lukács”; G. Lukács, “Georg Simmel” (1918)
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·卢卡奇 › 1885–1971
瓦尔特·本雅明
影响了
Benjamin noted for the Arcades Project that his concept of origin (1928) transposed Goethe’s concept of truth, as Simmel presented it (Goethe, 1913), from nature to history. W. Benjamin, Das Passagen-Werk (written 1927–40, publ. 1982), convolute N; G. Simmel, Goethe (1913)
依据: AI 草稿
瓦尔特·本雅明 › 1892–1940
卡尔·曼海姆
影响了 ✓
Mannheim heard Simmel in Berlin and took up his tragedy of culture, the gulf between soul and objective culture, in his Budapest lecture ‘Soul and Culture’ (1917/18). K. Mannheim, “Lélek és kultúra” (lecture 1917, printed 1918); D. Kettler, V. Meja and N. Stehr, Karl Mannheim (1984)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
卡尔·曼海姆 › 1893–1947
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欧文·戈夫曼
影响了
Goffman took Simmel’s ‘ideal sphere’ around every person as the basis of avoidance rituals that keep a respectful distance from others (‘The Nature of Deference and Demeanor’, 1956). E. Goffman, “The Nature of Deference and Demeanor” (1956), in Interaction Ritual (1967); G. Simmel, Soziologie (1908), “Das Geheimnis und die geheime Gesellschaft”
依据: AI 草稿
欧文·戈夫曼 › 1922–1982
齐格蒙特·鲍曼
影响了
Bauman drew on Simmel’s figure of the stranger, near and remote at once, to analyse modernity’s fear of what defies classification (Modernity and Ambivalence, 1991). Z. Bauman, Modernity and Ambivalence (1991); G. Simmel, “Exkurs über den Fremden”, in Soziologie (1908)
依据: AI 草稿
齐格蒙特·鲍曼 › 1925–2017
乌尔里希·贝克
影响了
Commentators trace Beck’s individualisation thesis to Simmel’s individuality arising from intersecting social circles; Beck diagnosed a new surge of it in post-war West Germany (Risikogesellschaft, 1986). U. Beck, Risikogesellschaft (1986); G. Simmel, Über sociale Differenzierung (1890); Soziologie (1908), “Die Kreuzung sozialer Kreise”
依据: AI 草稿
乌尔里希·贝克 › 1944–2015
帕特里夏·希尔·柯林斯
影响了
Collins modelled Black women’s ‘outsider within’ status partly on Simmel’s stranger, near and far at once, whose marginality brings objectivity (‘Learning from the Outsider Within’, 1986). P. H. Collins, “Learning from the Outsider Within”, Social Problems 33 (1986); G. Simmel, “Exkurs über den Fremden”, in Soziologie (1908)
依据: AI 草稿
帕特里夏·希尔·柯林斯 › 1948年生
安德烈亚斯·雷克维茨
影响了
Reckwitz took up Simmel’s ‘qualitative individualism’, the valuing of the individual as unique, and made singularity the guiding logic of late-modern society (Die Gesellschaft der Singularitäten, 2017). A. Reckwitz, Die Gesellschaft der Singularitäten (2017); reply to critics, Analyse & Kritik (2022); G. Simmel, “Die beiden Formen des Individualismus” (1901)
依据: AI 草稿
安德烈亚斯·雷克维茨 › 1970年生
批评
受批评于 2
埃米尔·涂尔干
受其批评
Durkheim objected that Simmel’s formal sociology separates the forms of association from their content too vaguely to found a science (‘La sociologie et son domaine scientifique’, 1900). É. Durkheim, “La sociologia ed il suo dominio scientifico”, Rivista italiana di sociologia 4 (1900)
依据: AI 草稿
埃米尔·涂尔干 › 1858–1917
玛丽安娜·韦伯
受其批评
In ‘Die Frau und die objektive Kultur’ (1913) Marianne Weber answered Simmel’s claim that objective culture is male and women’s being self-contained, defending women’s share in culture-creating work. Marianne Weber, “Die Frau und die objektive Kultur”, Logos 4 (1913); G. Simmel, “Weibliche Kultur” (1911), in Philosophische Kultur
依据: AI 草稿
玛丽安娜·韦伯 › 1870–1954
作品
- 1900货币哲学
货币是交换的纯粹形式——以及它如何塑造自由、距离和现代生活的风格。
- 1903大都会与精神生活
大都会造就厌倦漠然的态度：理智是抵御刺激过载的保护。
- 1908社会学：关于社会化形式的研究
凡有个人相互影响之处便有社会；社会学研究这些互动的形式——冲突、秘密、穷人、陌生人。
立场
Simmel asked “How is society possible?” and answered that society is not a thing but a web of interactions (Wechselwirkungen). A new sociology, he argued in Sociology (1908), should study the forms of these interactions – competition, conflict, secrecy, superiority and subordination – apart from their changing contents, and the way the number of participants shapes them: a dyad dies with either member, a triad allows mediation or the “laughing third” who profits from the quarrel of two. His excursus on the stranger describes the one “who comes today and stays tomorrow”, near and distant at once. The Philosophy of Money (1900) shows how money turns qualities into quantities: it frees individuals from personal dependence but makes relationships more distant and calculating. In the metropolis, he observed in 1903, the flood of stimuli breeds a reserved, blasé attitude. He also described a “tragedy of culture”, in which the objective creations of the mind outgrow the individuals who make them. Lukács, Bloch and Kracauer heard his lectures, and Benjamin and the Chicago School drew on his work.
生平与背景
Georg Simmel was born in Berlin in 1858; his father had converted from Judaism to Christianity, and Simmel was baptised a Protestant. He taught for three decades at the University of Berlin, where his lectures drew large audiences, among them the young Robert E. Park, later of the Chicago School. Antisemitism and distrust of his essayistic style kept him for most of his career a Privatdozent and unsalaried extraordinary professor; a chair in Heidelberg, for which Max Weber had proposed him in 1908, was refused after a hostile report. In 1909 he co-founded the German Sociological Association with Weber, Ferdinand Tönnies and others. He gained a chair in Strasbourg only in 1914 and died there in 1918.
其他主要作品
- On Social Differentiation (1890)
- The Philosophy of Money (1900)
- The Metropolis and Mental Life (1903)
- Sociology (1908)
- Philosophical Culture (1911)
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