欧文·戈夫曼

Agora

欧文·戈夫曼

1922–1982

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

在日常的相遇中，我们像舞台上的演员一样扮演角色，管理自己留下的印象，并帮助他人保住面子。

定位

社会学与社会理论 · 北美 · 社会与历史, 心灵与意识

面对面互动的社会学家：在日常生活中，我们像演员一样展示自己，维护自己的面子，并遵守不成文的规则——直至精神病院这一封闭的世界。

核心思想

自我呈现（前台与后台）
面子工夫与互动仪式
全控机构
污名
框架分析

学生: 阿莉·罗素·霍克希尔德

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影响

受影响于 6

威廉·詹姆斯

受其影响
Goffman opened Frame Analysis (1974) with James’s question under what circumstances we think things real and his account of the many ‘sub-universes’ of reality. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), “The Perception of Reality”; SEP “William James”
依据: AI 草稿
威廉·詹姆斯 › 1842–1910
埃米尔·涂尔干

受其影响
Goffman applied Durkheim’s notion of the sacred to everyday encounters: the self is honoured in small rituals of deference and demeanour (Interaction Ritual, 1967). E. Goffman, “The Nature of Deference and Demeanor”, American Anthropologist 58 (1956), in Interaction Ritual (1967); É. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912)
依据: AI 草稿
埃米尔·涂尔干 › 1858–1917
格奥尔格·齐美尔

受其影响
Goffman took Simmel’s ‘ideal sphere’ around every person as the basis of avoidance rituals that keep a respectful distance from others (‘The Nature of Deference and Demeanor’, 1956). E. Goffman, “The Nature of Deference and Demeanor” (1956), in Interaction Ritual (1967); G. Simmel, Soziologie (1908), “Das Geheimnis und die geheime Gesellschaft”
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·齐美尔 › 1858–1918
乔治·赫伯特·米德

受其影响存在争议
How far Goffman drew on Mead is disputed: he is often counted a symbolic interactionist, but commentators stress his debts to Durkheim and Simmel (Presentation of Self, 1956). E. Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956; 1959); T. Burns, Erving Goffman (1992); G. Smith, Erving Goffman (2006); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
依据: AI 草稿
乔治·赫伯特·米德 › 1863–1931
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨

受其影响
In Frame Analysis (1974) Goffman built on Schutz’s finite provinces of meaning, after James, but shifted from consciousness to the frames that organise definitions of situations. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); A. Schutz, “On Multiple Realities” (1945); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
依据: AI 草稿
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 › 1899–1959
赫伯特·布鲁默

受其影响
Goffman studied at Chicago while Blumer taught there and came to Berkeley at his invitation (1958); he shared Blumer’s focus on interaction but declined the label symbolic interactionist. H. Blumer, Symbolic Interactionism (1969); T. Burns, Erving Goffman (1992); J. Verhoeven, “An Interview with Erving Goffman, 1980”, Research on Language and Social Interaction 26 (1993)
依据: AI 草稿
赫伯特·布鲁默 › 1900–1987

影响了 2

安东尼·吉登斯

影响了 ✓
Giddens treated Goffman as a systematic theorist of co-presence, using his analyses of encounters, front and back regions and tact in structuration theory (The Constitution of Society, 1984). A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society (1984); “Goffman as a Systematic Social Theorist”, in P. Drew and A. Wootton (eds.), Erving Goffman: Exploring the Interaction Order (1988)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
安东尼·吉登斯 › 1938年生
阿莉·罗素·霍克希尔德教过

教过
Hochschild studied sociology at Berkeley (MA 1965, PhD 1969) and names Goffman among the teachers there she was privileged to work with; The Managed Heart (1983) builds on his dramaturgy. Classroom teaching, not supervision. UC Berkeley, Department of Sociology, alumni page “Arlie Hochschild (1962)”; A. R. Hochschild, The Managed Heart (1983)
依据: AI 草稿
阿莉·罗素·霍克希尔德 › 1940年生

作品

1956日常生活中的自我呈现
社会生活如同戏剧：我们为观众表演，在前台管理印象，在后台卸下角色。

立场

Goffman studied what he called the interaction order: what happens whenever people are in one another’s presence. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956; expanded 1959) uses the language of the theatre. In every encounter we perform for others, maintaining a “front” – setting, appearance, manner – while we prepare and relax in a “back region”, as waiters do between the dining room and the kitchen. Such impression management is not mere deception: social order depends on everyone helping everyone else to sustain the shared definition of the situation. In Interaction Ritual (1967) he described the work of saving “face”, drawing on Durkheim’s idea that the self is something sacred, honoured in small rituals of deference and demeanour. Asylums (1961) analysed “total institutions” – psychiatric hospitals, prisons, barracks, monasteries – that strip inmates of their former selves, and became a key text of the critique of psychiatry. Stigma (1963) examined how people with a “spoiled identity” manage information about themselves. Frame Analysis (1974) asked how we know what kind of situation we are in. Goffman refused to belong to any school, but many of his concepts have entered everyday language.

生平与背景

Erving Goffman was born in 1922 in Mannville, Alberta, to Ukrainian Jewish immigrants. He studied sociology and anthropology at the University of Toronto and went on to the University of Chicago, where he took his doctorate in 1953. For his dissertation he spent some eighteen months on Unst, one of the Shetland Islands, observing everyday conduct in a small community, partly from the kitchen of the local hotel. In 1955–56 he did fieldwork at St Elizabeths, a large psychiatric hospital in Washington, D.C. He taught at Berkeley from 1958 and from 1968 at the University of Pennsylvania. Elected president of the American Sociological Association, he died of cancer in 1982 before he could deliver his presidential address, “The Interaction Order”.