加布里埃尔·塔尔德
塔尔德认为，社会就在于模仿：发明产生于个人的头脑，通过习俗、时尚和教育在人与人之间传播，直到与相竞争的发明相遇；社会学应当追踪这些可以计数的信念与欲望之流，而不是设定凌驾于个人之上的集体事实。
定位
法国法官、犯罪学家和社会学家，他用发明通过人与人之间的模仿而传播来解释社会生活；作为法国社会学奠基年代里涂尔干的主要对手，他长期被置于边缘，后来被德勒兹和拉图尔重新发现。
核心思想
- 模仿律
- 发明、模仿、对立
- 万物皆社会
- 公众与群众
影响
受影响于 1
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨
受其影响
Tarde renewed Leibniz’s monadology as a sociology: every thing is a society of small, numerous elements, and ‘to exist is to differ’ (‘Monadologie et sociologie’, 1893). G. Tarde, “Monadologie et sociologie” (1893), in Essais et mélanges sociologiques (1895); B. Latour, “Gabriel Tarde and the End of the Social” (2002); SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
依据: AI 草稿
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
影响了 2
吉尔·德勒兹
影响了
Deleuze read Tarde as a thinker of repetition and difference (Difference and Repetition, 1968) and, with Guattari, set his microsociology of imitation against Durkheim (A Thousand Plateaus, 1980). G. Deleuze, Différence et répétition (1968); G. Deleuze and F. Guattari, Mille plateaux (1980)
依据: AI 草稿
吉尔·德勒兹 › 1925–1995
布鲁诺·拉图尔
影响了
Latour presented Tarde as a forerunner of actor-network theory and took up his monadology of associations (‘Gabriel Tarde and the End of the Social’, 2002). B. Latour, “Gabriel Tarde and the End of the Social”, in P. Joyce (ed.), The Social in Question (2002); Reassembling the Social (2005); G. Tarde, Monadologie et sociologie (1893)
依据: AI 草稿
布鲁诺·拉图尔 › 1947–2022
批评
受批评于 1
埃米尔·涂尔干
受其批评
Durkheim rejected Tarde’s explanation of social life by imitation between individuals, insisting on social facts that are external and constraining (Rules, 1895; Suicide, 1897, I.4). É. Durkheim, Les règles de la méthode sociologique (1895), ch. 1; Le suicide (1897), Book I, ch. 4
依据: AI 草稿
埃米尔·涂尔干 › 1858–1917
作品
立场
Tarde is on the map as a founder of French sociology who lost the contest with Durkheim and was later rediscovered. He explained social life not by collective facts standing above individuals but by countless acts between them: inventions arise in individual minds and spread through imitation – as custom, fashion and education – until they meet other inventions in opposition and new adaptations arise. Social science, he argued, must follow these flows of beliefs and desires, which in principle can be counted, as statistics and the movements of public opinion show. In “Monadology and Sociology” (1893) he extended this view in Leibniz’s manner: every thing is a society, and everywhere the elementary agents are small and numerous. In “L’opinion et la foule” (1901) he set the modern public, a dispersed community held together by the press, against the crowd. Durkheim objected that social facts are external to individuals and constrain them and cannot be explained by imitation; the two argued in print in the 1890s and in a public debate in Paris in 1903. After Durkheim’s school prevailed in French universities, Tarde remained known mainly in American social psychology and communication research. Deleuze read him as a thinker of difference and repetition, and Bruno Latour as a forerunner of actor-network theory.
生平与背景
Gabriel Tarde was born on 12 March 1843 in Sarlat in the Périgord, the son of a judge. After studying law in Toulouse and Paris he spent more than two decades as a magistrate in his home district, for many years as examining magistrate in Sarlat, and wrote on crime statistics and criminology, opposing Cesare Lombroso’s theory of the born criminal. “The Laws of Imitation” (1890) made him known. In 1894 he moved to Paris as director of criminal statistics at the Ministry of Justice; he taught at the Collège libre des sciences sociales and the École libre des sciences politiques, and in 1900 he was elected to the chair of modern philosophy at the Collège de France and to the Académie des sciences morales et politiques. He died in Paris on 13 May 1904; his chair passed to Henri Bergson.
其他主要作品
- La Criminalité comparée (1886)
- Les Lois de l’imitation (1890)
- La Philosophie pénale (1890)
- Monadologie et sociologie (1893)
- La Logique sociale (1895)
- L’Opinion et la foule (1901)
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