विल्हेल्म डिल्थाई
हम प्रकृति को बाहर से समझाते हैं, पर मानवीय जीवन को भीतर से समझते हैं – इसलिए मानव-विज्ञानों को अपनी पद्धति चाहिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
मानव-विज्ञानों की नींव: हम प्रकृति की व्याख्या करते हैं, पर मन के जीवन को समझते हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- समझना बनाम व्याख्या करना
- जीवन का दर्शन
- इतिहासवाद
गुरु: फ़्रीडरिश अडोल्फ़ ट्रेंडेलेनबुर्ग, कुनो फ़िशर
शिष्य: जॉर्ज हर्बर्ट मीड, मार्टिन बुबेर
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 5
इमानुएल कांट
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Dilthey called his project a ‘critique of historical reason’, doing for the human sciences what Kant had done for natural science (Introduction to the Human Sciences, 1883). W. Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (1883); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
फ़्रीडरिश श्लाइअरमाखर
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Dilthey wrote a Life of Schleiermacher (1870) and in ‘The Rise of Hermeneutics’ (1900) took Schleiermacher’s art of understanding as the basis of the human sciences. W. Dilthey, Leben Schleiermachers I (1870); “Die Entstehung der Hermeneutik” (1900); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
फ़्रीडरिश श्लाइअरमाखर › 1768–1834
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In Die Jugendgeschichte Hegels (1905) Dilthey opened up Hegel’s early theological manuscripts, and he took over Hegel’s objective spirit, without its metaphysics, for the human sciences (Aufbau, 1910). W. Dilthey, Die Jugendgeschichte Hegels (1905); Der Aufbau der geschichtlichen Welt in den Geisteswissenschaften (1910); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
फ़्रीडरिश अडोल्फ़ ट्रेंडेलेनबुर्ग जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
In Berlin Dilthey came under the influence of Trendelenburg and Boeckh, both pupils of Schleiermacher. SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey” (R. Makkreel), §1.2
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश अडोल्फ़ ट्रेंडेलेनबुर्ग › 1802–1872
कुनो फ़िशर जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
At Heidelberg Dilthey was introduced by Fischer to the idealist systems. SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey” (R. Makkreel), §1.2
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कुनो फ़िशर › 1824–1907
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 8
जॉर्ज हर्बर्ट मीड जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Mead took two courses with Dilthey during his study in Germany. SEP “George Herbert Mead” (M. Aboulafia, S. Taylor), §1
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉर्ज हर्बर्ट मीड › 1863–1931
मैक्स वेबर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
In Roscher and Knies Weber cites several Dilthey essays with approval, but how far he followed Dilthey’s Verstehen is open, and the SEP entry sets Weber’s concept formation against Dilthey’s. R. Wanstrat, Das sozialwissenschaftliche Verstehen bei Dilthey und Max Weber (Duncker & Humblot; read via summary only); SEP “Max Weber” §2.1; the line is asserted in Randall Collins’s critique, no accessible source states it plainly
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैक्स वेबर › 1864–1920
ख़ोसे ओर्तेगा इ गासेत
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In ‘Wilhelm Dilthey and the Idea of Life’ (1933–34) Ortega found in Dilthey’s historical understanding of life a confirmation of his vital reason, which he had reached independently. J. Ortega y Gasset, “Guillermo Dilthey y la idea de la vida” (1933–34); SEP “José Ortega y Gasset”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
ख़ोसे ओर्तेगा इ गासेत › 1883–1955
जॉर्ज लुकाच
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In his 1962 preface to The Theory of the Novel (1916) Lukács traced its method to Dilthey’s Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung (1905) and the Geisteswissenschaften. G. Lukács, Die Theorie des Romans (1916; book 1920), preface (1962); W. Dilthey, Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung (1905)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉर्ज लुकाच › 1885–1971
मार्टिन हाइडेगर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Heidegger took up Dilthey’s question of the historicity of life (Kassel lectures, 1925) and, via the Dilthey–Yorck letters, made historicality a structure of Dasein (Being and Time, 1927). M. Heidegger, “Wilhelm Diltheys Forschungsarbeit und der gegenwärtige Kampf um eine historische Weltanschauung” (Kassel lectures 1925; publ. 1992–93); Sein und Zeit (1927); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
मार्टिन हाइडेगर › 1889–1976
कार्ल मानहाइम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Mannheim took up Dilthey’s theory of world views and of understanding to distinguish objective, expressive and documentary meaning (‘Beiträge zur Theorie der Weltanschauungs-Interpretation’, 1921–22). K. Mannheim, “Beiträge zur Theorie der Weltanschauungs-Interpretation”, Jahrbuch für Kunstgeschichte 1 (1921–22); D. Kettler, V. Meja and N. Stehr, Karl Mannheim (1984); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मानहाइम › 1893–1947
सभी दिखाएँ (8)कम दिखाएँ
अर्न्स्ट ट्रोएल्त्श
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
Troeltsch tried to join Dilthey’s hermeneutic tradition with the neo-Kantian methodology of Windelband and Rickert, and is reported to have dedicated his last book to Dilthey and Windelband; the dedication was not checked in the book. Article “Para além do neokantismo: o conceito de ciências ético-históricas em Ernst Troeltsch” (revistas.ufg.br/teoria/article/view/44811), read via summary; dedication not checked in the book
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अर्न्स्ट ट्रोएल्त्श › 1865–1923
मार्टिन बुबेर जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Buber attended Dilthey’s lectures, as well as Simmel’s, during his semesters at the University of Berlin; his doctorate (Vienna, 1904) was taken elsewhere. The SEP calls Dilthey Buber’s teacher. SEP “Martin Buber”; M. Friedman, Martin Buber’s Life and Work: The Early Years (1981)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्टिन बुबेर › 1878–1965
आलोचना
परस्पर आलोचना 1
विल्हेल्म विंडेलबांड ⇄ परस्पर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Dilthey replied that many natural sciences have idiographic parts and many human sciences nomothetic aims, so Windelband’s division does not hold. SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey” (R. Makkreel), §2.2
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In his Strasbourg rector’s address of 1894 Windelband rejected Dilthey’s way of marking off the human sciences by a distinct kind of experience and by descriptive psychology. SEP “Wilhelm Windelband” (K. Kinzel), §5; SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey” (R. Makkreel), §2.2
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विल्हेल्म विंडेलबांड › 1848–1915
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 3
एडमुंड हुसल
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Husserl’s ‘Philosophy as Rigorous Science’ (1911) attacked historicism and worldview philosophy as leading to sceptical relativism; Dilthey felt targeted, and the two exchanged letters. E. Husserl, “Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft”, Logos 1 (1911); Dilthey–Husserl correspondence, June–July 1911; SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडमुंड हुसल › 1859–1938
हाइनरिष रिकर्ट
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Rickert objected to Dilthey that psychology cannot ground the human sciences and that re-living past experience would not amount to understanding it, holding that the logical structure of historical science fixes its object. SEP “Heinrich Rickert” (A. Staiti, L. Oliva), §3
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हाइनरिष रिकर्ट › 1863–1936
हंस-गेऑर्ग गादामर जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Gadamer took up Dilthey’s question of how the human sciences understand historical life and analysed his concepts of lived experience (Erlebnis) and expression (Truth and Method, 1960). H.-G. Gadamer, Wahrheit und Methode (1960); W. Dilthey, Der Aufbau der geschichtlichen Welt in den Geisteswissenschaften (1910); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Gadamer argued that Dilthey remained caught in the aporias of historicism, modelling the human sciences on the natural sciences’ ideal of objectivity (Truth and Method, 1960, part II). H.-G. Gadamer, Wahrheit und Methode (1960), part II, section I.2 (“Diltheys Verstrickung in die Aporien des Historismus”)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हंस-गेऑर्ग गादामर › 1900–2002
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
आगस्त काँत
जिनकी आलोचना की
Dilthey rejected Comte’s sociology as a naturalistic metaphysics of history that forces the human sciences into the methods of natural science (Introduction to the Human Sciences, 1883). W. Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (1883), Book I; SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आगस्त काँत › 1798–1857
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
जिनकी आलोचना की
Dilthey rejected the claim of Mill’s Logic (1843, Book VI) that the moral sciences must borrow the methods of the natural sciences, setting understanding (Verstehen) against explanation. W. Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (1883), Preface; Ideen über eine beschreibende und zergliedernde Psychologie (1894); J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), Book VI
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल › 1806–1873
कृतियाँ
ऐतिहासिक जगत की पद्धति के रूप में समझ।
मत
Dilthey asked what makes the humanities – history, literature, law, religion – genuine knowledge, without borrowing the methods of physics. His answer: “We explain nature, but we understand mental life.” Human expressions such as texts, works and institutions are objectifications of lived experience, and we understand them by re-living their meaning from within. Life itself, historical and finite, is the ultimate ground of thought; there is no standpoint above history. This made him a founder of the philosophy of life and of modern hermeneutics, and shaped Husserl, Heidegger, Gadamer and the sociology of Max Weber, though it also raised the problem of historical relativism.
जीवन और संदर्भ
The son of a Reformed pastor near Wiesbaden, Dilthey studied theology and philosophy in Heidelberg and Berlin and made his name with a biography of Schleiermacher. After professorships in Basel, Kiel and Breslau he held the Berlin chair from 1882. Many of his projects remained unfinished; his influence spread largely through his students and posthumous editions.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Life of Schleiermacher (1870)
- Introduction to the Human Sciences (1883)
- Ideas Concerning a Descriptive and Analytic Psychology (1894)
- The Formation of the Historical World in the Human Sciences (1910)
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