आर. एम. हेयर
नैतिक निर्णय आदेशों जैसे विधेय हैं, जो समान स्थिति में किसी पर भी समान रूप से लागू होने चाहिए – स्वयं आप पर भी।
पृष्ठभूमि
सार्वभौम निर्देशवाद: नैतिक निर्णय सार्वभौमीकरणीय निर्देश हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- निर्देशवाद
- सार्वभौमीकरणीयता
शिष्य: पीटर सिंगर
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
इमानुएल कांट
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hare built his universal prescriptivism on Kant’s universalizability and argued that Kant’s test leads to utilitarian results (Freedom and Reason, 1963; ‘Could Kant Have Been a Utilitarian?’, 1993). R. M. Hare, Freedom and Reason (1963); Moral Thinking (1981); “Could Kant Have Been a Utilitarian?”, Utilitas 5 (1993); SEP “Richard Mervyn Hare”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hare linked his two levels of moral thinking – intuitive everyday rules and critical utilitarian reasoning – to Mill’s secondary principles and first principle (Moral Thinking, 1981). R. M. Hare, Moral Thinking: Its Levels, Method, and Point (1981); J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861/63); SEP “Richard Mervyn Hare”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल › 1806–1873
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
पीटर सिंगर जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Singer’s Oxford BPhil thesis on civil disobedience (1971) was supervised by Hare and appeared as Democracy and Disobedience (1973); Singer’s later preference utilitarianism draws on Hare’s universal prescriptivism. P. Singer, “An Intellectual Autobiography”, in J. A. Schaler (ed.), Peter Singer Under Fire (2009); P. Singer, Democracy and Disobedience (1973)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पीटर सिंगर › जन्म 1946
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
आइरिस मर्डोक
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Murdoch objected that Hare’s prescriptivism reduces morality to choice and universalisable rules, neglecting moral vision and the patient work of attention (The Sovereignty of Good, 1970). I. Murdoch, “Vision and Choice in Morality”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. 30 (1956); The Sovereignty of Good (1970), “The Idea of Perfection”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आइरिस मर्डोक › 1919–1999
फ़िलिप्पा फ़ुट
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Foot argued against Hare that not just anything can count as a moral reason: moral terms are tied to facts about human good and harm (‘Moral Beliefs’, 1958). P. Foot, “Moral Arguments”, Mind 67 (1958); “Moral Beliefs”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 59 (1958–59)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़िलिप्पा फ़ुट › 1920–2010
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
ए. जे. एयर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Hare objected to emotivist theories like Ayer’s that they cannot tell moral reasoning from persuasion; moral judgements are universalisable prescriptions (The Language of Morals, 1952). R. M. Hare, The Language of Morals (1952), ch. 1; Freedom and Reason (1963); A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936), ch. VI
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ए. जे. एयर › 1910–1989
कृतियाँ
- 1952नैतिकता की भाषा
सार्वभौमीकरणीय निर्देशों के रूप में नैतिक निर्णय।
मत
Hare wanted to show that moral judgments, though not statements of fact, are nonetheless subject to rational argument. A moral “ought,” he argued, is a prescription – akin to an imperative – that tells us what to do. Unlike a mere command, it is universalisable: whoever judges that I ought to do something in a situation must judge the same for anyone in exactly similar circumstances, including himself on the receiving end. This logical requirement forces us to put ourselves in the position of all those affected. Hare’s universal prescriptivism thus led to a form of preference utilitarianism, which he developed in Moral Thinking. His student Peter Singer carried this approach into applied ethics.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Hare was born in Somerset in 1919. In the Second World War he was captured by the Japanese in Singapore and spent years as a prisoner of war, including forced labour on the Burma railway. He then taught at Oxford, from 1966 to 1983 as White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy, and later at the University of Florida.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Language of Morals (1952)
- Freedom and Reason (1963)
- Moral Thinking (1981)
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