पीटर सिंगर
समान पीड़ा समान गिनी जाती है, चाहे उसे मनुष्य महसूस करे या पशु – और यदि हम थोड़ी लागत पर बड़ी हानि रोक सकते हैं, तो हमें रोकनी चाहिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
उपयोगितावादी व्यावहारिक नीतिशास्त्र: समान हितों को समान विचार मिलना चाहिए, चाहे प्रजाति कोई भी हो – और संपन्नों को वैश्विक गरीबी के विरुद्ध कहीं अधिक करना चाहिए।
मुख्य विचार
- प्रजातिवाद
- प्रभावी परोपकार
- हितों पर समान विचार
गुरु: आर. एम. हेयर
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
जेरेमी बेन्थम
जिनसे प्रभावित
Singer made Bentham’s question ‘Can they suffer?’ and the maxim, ascribed to Bentham, that each counts for one the basis of equal consideration for animals (Animal Liberation, 1975). P. Singer, Animal Liberation (1975); J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”; SEP “The Moral Status of Animals”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जेरेमी बेन्थम › 1748–1832
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Singer took up the classical utilitarianism of Bentham, Mill and Sidgwick, judging actions by their consequences for the interests of all affected (Practical Ethics, 1979). P. Singer, Practical Ethics (1979); J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861/63); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल › 1806–1873
हेनरी सिजविक
जिनसे प्रभावित
With de Lazari-Radek, Singer defended Sidgwick’s utilitarianism, his ‘point of view of the universe’ and intuitionist method, and argued the dualism of practical reason can be resolved (2014). K. de Lazari-Radek and P. Singer, The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics (2014); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
हेनरी सिजविक › 1838–1900
आर. एम. हेयर जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Singer’s Oxford BPhil thesis on civil disobedience (1971) was supervised by Hare and appeared as Democracy and Disobedience (1973); Singer’s later preference utilitarianism draws on Hare’s universal prescriptivism. P. Singer, “An Intellectual Autobiography”, in J. A. Schaler (ed.), Peter Singer Under Fire (2009); P. Singer, Democracy and Disobedience (1973)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आर. एम. हेयर › 1919–2002
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
विलियम मैकएस्किल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
MacAskill took up Singer’s argument that the affluent should give much to prevent suffering (‘Famine, Affluence, and Morality’, 1972), adding evidence about effectiveness (Doing Good Better, 2015). W. MacAskill, Doing Good Better (2015); P. Singer, “Famine, Affluence, and Morality”, Philosophy & Public Affairs 1 (1972)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
विलियम मैकएस्किल › जन्म 1987
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 3
टॉम रीगन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Regan objected that Singer’s utilitarianism cannot secure animal rights: aggregating interests could justify harming individuals, treated as mere receptacles of value (The Case for Animal Rights, 1983). T. Regan, “Utilitarianism, Vegetarianism, and Animal Rights”, Philosophy & Public Affairs 9 (1980); The Case for Animal Rights (1983); P. Singer, “Utilitarianism and Vegetarianism”, Philosophy & Public Affairs 9 (1980)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
टॉम रीगन › 1938–2017
मार्था नस्बॉम
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Nussbaum objected that Singer’s utilitarian approach to animals aggregates pleasures and pains and neglects the many-sided flourishing of each kind of creature (Frontiers of Justice, 2006, ch. 6). M. C. Nussbaum, Frontiers of Justice (2006), ch. 6; Justice for Animals (2023)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्था नस्बॉम › जन्म 1947
ऐलिस क्रैरी
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Crary objected that Singer ranks beings by individual capacities, a ‘moral individualism’ that does justice neither to animals nor to people with severe cognitive disabilities (Inside Ethics, 2016). A. Crary, Inside Ethics: On the Demands of Moral Thought (2016)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ऐलिस क्रैरी › जन्म 1967
कृतियाँ
तालाब में डूबता बच्चा: दूर के लोगों के प्रति हमारा उतना ही ऋण है जितना निकट के लोगों के प्रति।
- 1975एनिमल लिबरेशन
बेन्थम के साथ: प्रश्न यह नहीं कि क्या वे तर्क कर सकते हैं? बल्कि यह कि क्या वे पीड़ा सह सकते हैं?
लागू किया गया वरीयता-उपयोगितावाद: पशु, ग़रीबी, जीवन और मृत्यु।
मत
Singer applies a utilitarian principle with unusual consistency: the equal interests of all beings capable of suffering deserve equal consideration. In “Famine, Affluence, and Morality” he argued that if we would wade into a pond to save a drowning child at the cost of muddy clothes, we are equally obliged to help distant people dying of poverty. In Animal Liberation he called the disregard of animal suffering “speciesism,” analogous to racism, and criticised factory farming and animal experiments. Practical Ethics applies these principles to abortion, euthanasia and disability, where his conclusions have provoked fierce protests, especially in Germany. His work inspired the animal rights movement and the effective altruism movement.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Singer was born in Melbourne in 1946 to Jewish parents who had fled Vienna; three of his grandparents were murdered in the Holocaust. He studied in Melbourne and at Oxford, where R. M. Hare taught him. After teaching at Monash University he became professor of bioethics at Princeton in 1999. He is among the most widely read and most controversial living philosophers.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Famine, Affluence, and Morality (1972)
- Animal Liberation (1975)
- Practical Ethics (1979)
- The Expanding Circle (1981)
- The Life You Can Save (2009)
इनमें आता है
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है