جوديث بتلر
ترى بتلر أنّ الجندر ليس شيئًا نكونه بل شيئًا نفعله – إنه يتكوّن بأفعال تتكرر تحت المعايير الاجتماعية حتى يبدو طبيعيًا.
التموضع
النوع الاجتماعي (الجندر) أدائي: تنتجه أفعال متكررة تستشهد بالمعايير – وصار «قلق النوع الاجتماعي» (Gender Trouble، 1990) نصًّا مؤسِّسًا لنظرية الكوير (الضمائر: they/them، وكذلك she/her).
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الأدائية
- قلق النوع الاجتماعي (Gender Trouble)
- الحياة الهشّة
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 11
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل
تأثّر بـ
Butler’s first book, Subjects of Desire (1987), traced Hegel’s desire for recognition through its French readers; Hegel’s unhappy consciousness returns in The Psychic Life of Power (1997). J. Butler, Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France (1987); The Psychic Life of Power (1997)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل › 1770–1831
سيغموند فرويد
تأثّر بـ
Butler drew on Freud’s ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ and The Ego and the Id to read gender identity as melancholic incorporation of an ungrieved same-sex attachment (Gender Trouble, 1990). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990); The Psychic Life of Power (1997); S. Freud, “Trauer und Melancholie” (1917); Das Ich und das Es (1923)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
سيغموند فرويد › 1856–1939
جون لانجشو أوستن
تأثّر بـ
Butler reworked Austin’s performative utterances, read through Derrida’s iterability, into a theory of gender performativity and of injurious speech (Bodies That Matter, 1993; Excitable Speech, 1997). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993); Excitable Speech (1997); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962); SEP “John Langshaw Austin”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جون لانجشو أوستن › 1911–1960
لوي ألتوسير
تأثّر بـ
Butler took up Althusser’s interpellation and asked why the hailed subject turns round, finding a passionate attachment to subjection (The Psychic Life of Power, 1997). J. Butler, The Psychic Life of Power (1997); L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970); SEP “Louis Althusser”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
لوي ألتوسير › 1918–1990
ميشال فوكو
تأثّر بـ ✓
Butler took Foucault’s view that power produces subjects it regulates and applied it to sex and gender, drawing on his edition of Herculine Barbin’s memoirs (Gender Trouble, 1990). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990); M. Foucault, Histoire de la sexualité I. La volonté de savoir (1976); Herculine Barbin dite Alexina B. (1978); SEP “Michel Foucault”
ميشال فوكو › 1926–1984
جاك دريدا
تأثّر بـ
Butler took Derrida’s iterability and citationality (‘Signature événement contexte’, 1971) to explain how gender norms gain force through repetitions that can also go astray (Bodies That Matter, 1993). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993); J. Derrida, “Signature événement contexte” (1971), in Marges de la philosophie (1972); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جاك دريدا › 1930–2004
عرض الكل (11)عرض أقل
حنة آرنت
تأثّر بـ
Butler took up Arendt’s right to have rights (Who Sings the Nation-State?, with Spivak, 2007) and space of appearance (Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly, 2015). J. Butler and G. C. Spivak, Who Sings the Nation-State? (2007); J. Butler, Parting Ways (2012); Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly (2015); SEP “Hannah Arendt”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
حنة آرنت › 1906–1975
ماري دوغلاس
تأثّر بـ
Butler took Douglas’s view in Purity and Danger (1966) that the body’s boundaries mark social limits, while rejecting her structuralist divide of nature and culture (Gender Trouble, 1990). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990); M. Douglas, Purity and Danger (1966)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ماري دوغلاس › 1921–2007
فرانتس فانون
تأثّر بـ
In “Violence, Non-Violence: Sartre on Fanon” (2006) Butler read The Wretched of the Earth together with Sartre’s preface, asking whom each text addresses and how colonial violence shapes the bodies and the masculinity of the colonised. J. Butler, “Violence, Non-Violence: Sartre on Fanon”, Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 27:1 (2006); repr. in Senses of the Subject (2015)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فرانتس فانون › 1925–1961
أدريانا كافاريرو
تأثّر بـ
Butler built on Cavarero’s Relating Narratives (1997; Eng. 2000), in which the self depends on others who tell its story, for Giving an Account of Oneself (2005). J. Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself (2005); A. Cavarero, Tu che mi guardi, tu che mi racconti (1997; Relating Narratives, 2000)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أدريانا كافاريرو › وُلد 1947
إيف كوسوفسكي سيدجويك
تأثّر بـ
Butler engaged with Sedgwick’s work in ‘Capacity’ (Regarding Sedgwick, 2002); Jagose’s introduction (1996) counts both among the founders of queer theory. J. Butler, “Capacity”, in S. M. Barber and D. L. Clark (eds.), Regarding Sedgwick: Essays on Queer Culture and Critical Theory (2002); A. Jagose, Queer Theory (1996)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيف كوسوفسكي سيدجويك › 1950–2009
أثّر في 1
صبا محمود
أثّر في
Mahmood took up Butler’s performativity, in which norms are inhabited through repeated bodily acts, but argued that Butler still tied agency to subverting norms (Politics of Piety, 2005). S. Mahmood, Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject (2005); J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
صبا محمود › 1962–2018
النقد
نقد متبادل 1
نانسي فريزر ⇄ متبادل
انتقد
In ‘Merely Cultural’ (1998) Butler objected that Fraser’s split between economic and cultural injustice relegates struggles over sexuality to recognition, although they concern the reproduction of capitalism. J. Butler, “Merely Cultural”, New Left Review 227 (1998); N. Fraser, “Heterosexism, Misrecognition, and Capitalism”, New Left Review 228 (1998)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
انتقده
Fraser objected that Butler’s resignification offers no norms to distinguish emancipatory from oppressive change (‘False Antitheses’, 1991) and treated heterosexism as misrecognition rather than maldistribution (1998). N. Fraser, “False Antitheses”, Praxis International 11 (1991); “Heterosexism, Misrecognition, and Capitalism: A Response to Judith Butler”, New Left Review 228 (1998)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
نانسي فريزر › وُلد 1947
انتقده 2
مارثا نوسباوم
انتقده
Nussbaum objected that Butler’s obscure prose and politics of subversive parody turn feminism away from material injustice and political action (‘The Professor of Parody’, 1999). M. C. Nussbaum, “The Professor of Parody”, The New Republic, 22 February 1999
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
مارثا نوسباوم › وُلد 1947
شيلا بنحبيب
انتقده
Benhabib objected that Butler’s performative theory of gender dissolves the subject and thus leaves no room for agency and feminist emancipation (‘Feminism and Postmodernism’, 1991). S. Benhabib, “Feminism and Postmodernism: An Uneasy Alliance”, Praxis International 11 (1991); repr. in Feminist Contentions (1995), with Butler’s reply “Contingent Foundations”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
شيلا بنحبيب › وُلد 1950
ينتقد 7
جاك لاكان
انتقد
Butler objected that Lacan’s symbolic law fixes sexual positions around the phallus as quasi-timeless, and recast the phallus as a resignifiable norm (Bodies That Matter, 1993, ch. 2). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 2; Bodies That Matter (1993), ch. 2 “The Lesbian Phallus and the Morphological Imaginary”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جاك لاكان › 1901–1981
سيمون دو بوفوار تأثّر بـ
تأثّر بـ
Butler read Beauvoir’s ‘one becomes a woman’ as gender being an ongoing act of becoming (‘Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex’, 1986). J. Butler, “Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex”, Yale French Studies 72 (1986); Gender Trouble (1990); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
انتقد
Butler objected that Beauvoir’s ‘one becomes a woman’ still keeps a natural sex beneath gender and a Cartesian dualism of mind and body (Gender Trouble, 1990, ch. 1). J. Butler, “Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex”, Yale French Studies 72 (1986); Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 1
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سيمون دو بوفوار › 1908–1986
بيير بورديو
انتقد
Butler objected that Bourdieu ties the force of performative speech to prior institutional authority, leaving no room for subversive resignification (Excitable Speech, 1997; ‘Performativity’s Social Magic’, 1999). J. Butler, Excitable Speech (1997); “Performativity’s Social Magic”, in R. Shusterman (ed.), Bourdieu: A Critical Reader (1999)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيير بورديو › 1930–2002
لوسي إيريجاري
انتقد
Butler objected that Irigaray’s feminine, excluded by a single masculine economy, is a globalising figure that keeps the heterosexual frame of sexual difference (Gender Trouble, 1990, ch. 1). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 1; Bodies That Matter (1993), ch. 1
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لوسي إيريجاري › وُلد 1930
جوليا كريستيفا
انتقد
Butler objected that Kristeva’s semiotic, rooted in a pre-paternal maternal body, naturalises maternity and remains subordinate to the paternal law it contests (Gender Trouble, 1990, ch. 3). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 3.1 “The Body Politics of Julia Kristeva”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جوليا كريستيفا › وُلد 1941
كاثرين ماكينون
انتقد
Butler objected that MacKinnon’s account of pornography as speech that enacts women’s subordination overstates its performative power and invites state censorship (Excitable Speech, 1997). J. Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (1997); C. A. MacKinnon, Only Words (1993)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كاثرين ماكينون › وُلد 1946
سلافوي جيجك
انتقد
Butler objected that Žižek’s Lacanian Real works as an ahistorical, quasi-transcendental limit that fixes sexual difference beyond political contest (Bodies That Matter, 1993; Contingency, Hegemony, Universality, 2000). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993), ch. 7 “Arguing with the Real”; J. Butler, E. Laclau & S. Žižek, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality (2000)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سلافوي جيجك › وُلد 1949
الأعمال
- 1990مشكلة الجندر
الجندر بوصفه تكرارًا أدائيًا – مع بوفوار ولاكان وفوكو وضدهم.
في الحدود الخطابية لـ«الجنس».
الموقف
Butler’s Gender Trouble questioned a basic assumption of feminism: that there is a natural sex on which a cultural gender is merely built. Gender, Butler argued, is not something we are but something we do – it is “performative,” produced through the constant repetition of norms, gestures and speech acts. What appears natural is the effect of this repetition, regulated by a “heterosexual matrix.” Because norms must be repeated, they can also be shifted, parodied and subverted. In Bodies That Matter Butler extended the analysis to the materiality of bodies. Later works dealt with hate speech, vulnerability and grievable lives after 9/11. Butler became a founding figure of queer theory.
الحياة والسياق
Butler was born in Cleveland in 1956, studied philosophy at Yale and spent a year in Heidelberg; their dissertation dealt with the reception of Hegel in twentieth-century France. After teaching at Johns Hopkins they have taught at the University of California, Berkeley, since 1993. In 2012 they received the Adorno Prize of the city of Frankfurt.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Subjects of Desire (1987)
- Gender Trouble (1990)
- Excitable Speech (1997)
- Precarious Life (2004)
يرد في
- رحلة «المنعطف اللغوي» · المحطة 10 من 10
- رحلة «الفلسفة النسوية» · المحطة 9 من 11
- نقاش «ما الجندر؟»
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