مارثا نوسباوم
المجتمع العادل يضمن أن يستطيع كل شخص فعلًا أن يفعل وأن يكون أشياء أساسية معينة – والانفعالات أحكام عمّا يهم.
التموضع
مقاربة القدرات: تسأل العدالة عمّا يستطيع الناس فعله وكونه فعلًا.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- مقاربة القدرات
- هشاشة الخير
- الانفعالات أحكامًا
التأثير
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أرسطو
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Nussbaum grounded her capabilities approach in Aristotle’s idea of human functioning (‘Nature, Function, and Capability’, 1988) and studied his ethics of fragile goods (The Fragility of Goodness, 1986). M. C. Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness (1986); “Nature, Function, and Capability: Aristotle on Political Distribution”, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, suppl. vol. (1988)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
زينون الرواقي
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Nussbaum traced cosmopolitanism to the Stoics, citing Plutarch’s report of Zeno’s Republic, in which all humans are fellow citizens (‘Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism’, 1997). M. C. Nussbaum, “Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism”, Journal of Political Philosophy 5 (1997); The Cosmopolitan Tradition (2019); Plutarch, De Alexandri fortuna I
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
زينون الرواقي › نحو 334–262 ق.م
لوكيوس سينيكا
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Nussbaum read Seneca’s De ira as Stoic therapy of the passions, treating emotions as judgements open to rational criticism (The Therapy of Desire, 1994). M. C. Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics (1994); Seneca, De ira
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لوكيوس سينيكا › نحو 4 ق.م – 65 م
آيريس مردوك
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Nussbaum took up Murdoch’s idea of moral attention as just and loving perception in arguing that novels can do moral philosophy (Love’s Knowledge, 1990). M. C. Nussbaum, Love’s Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature (1990); I. Murdoch, The Sovereignty of Good (1970)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
آيريس مردوك › 1919–1999
مارتن لوثر كينغ الابن
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Nussbaum read King’s ‘I Have a Dream’ as turning anger away from retribution towards a shared future, a model of non-retributive justice (Anger and Forgiveness, 2016). M. C. Nussbaum, Anger and Forgiveness: Resentment, Generosity, Justice (2016); M. L. King Jr., “I Have a Dream” (1963)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
مارتن لوثر كينغ الابن › 1929–1968
بيرنارد وليمز
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Nussbaum took up Williams’s ‘moral luck’ and his doubts about systematic moral theory in her study of Greek tragedy and ethics (The Fragility of Goodness, 1986). M. C. Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness (1986); B. Williams, “Moral Luck”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. 50 (1976)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
بيرنارد وليمز › 1929–2003
أمارتيا صن
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Nussbaum took up Sen’s capability approach, which they developed together at WIDER in Helsinki (The Quality of Life, 1993), and gave it a list of central capabilities. M. C. Nussbaum and A. Sen (eds.), The Quality of Life (1993); M. C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development (2000)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
أمارتيا صن › وُلد 1933
النقد
ينتقد 3
جون رولز تأثّر بـ
تأثّر بـ
Nussbaum adopted Rawls’s political liberalism, presenting her list of central capabilities as the possible object of an overlapping consensus (Women and Human Development, 2000). M. C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (2000); J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
انتقد
Nussbaum argued that Rawls’s social contract cannot do justice to people with disabilities, citizens of other nations or animals, and proposed capabilities instead (Frontiers of Justice, 2006). M. C. Nussbaum, Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (2006)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون رولز › 1921–2002
بيتر سنجر
انتقد
Nussbaum objected that Singer’s utilitarian approach to animals aggregates pleasures and pains and neglects the many-sided flourishing of each kind of creature (Frontiers of Justice, 2006, ch. 6). M. C. Nussbaum, Frontiers of Justice (2006), ch. 6; Justice for Animals (2023)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيتر سنجر › وُلد 1946
جوديث بتلر
انتقد
Nussbaum objected that Butler’s obscure prose and politics of subversive parody turn feminism away from material injustice and political action (‘The Professor of Parody’, 1999). M. C. Nussbaum, “The Professor of Parody”, The New Republic, 22 February 1999
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جوديث بتلر › وُلد 1956
الأعمال
الحظ والأخلاق في التراجيديا اليونانية وفي الفلسفة.
الإعاقة والجنسية والحيوانات – حيث تخفق فكرة العقد الاجتماعي.
الموقف
In The Fragility of Goodness Nussbaum argued, through Greek tragedy and philosophy, that a good human life is vulnerable to luck – and that this vulnerability belongs to its value. With Sen she developed the capability approach and gave it a concrete, Aristotelian content: a list of central capabilities, such as life, health, bodily integrity, practical reason and affiliation, that every just society must secure for all citizens up to a threshold. In Frontiers of Justice she argued that social contract theories fail to do justice to people with disabilities, citizens of other nations and animals. Her work on emotions treats them as intelligent judgments about what matters to us. Nussbaum combines classical scholarship with engaged political philosophy.
الحياة والسياق
Nussbaum was born in New York in 1947, studied theatre and classics and took her doctorate at Harvard. She taught at Harvard and Brown and, in the 1980s, worked with Amartya Sen at a UN research institute in Helsinki. Since 1995 she has taught law and ethics at the University of Chicago. She has received numerous honours, including the Kyoto Prize and the Berggruen Prize.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Fragility of Goodness (1986)
- Love’s Knowledge (1990)
- Women and Human Development (2000)
- Upheavals of Thought (2001)
يرد في
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora