जूडिथ बट्लर
बट्लर के अनुसार, जेंडर वह नहीं जो हम हैं बल्कि वह है जो हम करते हैं – वह सामाजिक मानदंडों के अंतर्गत दोहराए गए कर्मों से अस्तित्व में आता है, जब तक वह स्वाभाविक न लगने लगे।
पृष्ठभूमि
जेंडर निष्पादनात्मक है: वह मानदंडों को उद्धृत करने वाले बार-बार के कर्मों से उत्पन्न होता है – “जेंडर ट्रबल” (1990) क्वीयर सिद्धांत का आधार-ग्रंथ बना (सर्वनाम: they/them, साथ ही she/her)।
मुख्य विचार
- निष्पादनात्मकता
- जेंडर ट्रबल
- असुरक्षित जीवन
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 11
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Butler’s first book, Subjects of Desire (1987), traced Hegel’s desire for recognition through its French readers; Hegel’s unhappy consciousness returns in The Psychic Life of Power (1997). J. Butler, Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France (1987); The Psychic Life of Power (1997)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
ज़ीगमुंड फ़्रॉइड
जिनसे प्रभावित
Butler drew on Freud’s ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ and The Ego and the Id to read gender identity as melancholic incorporation of an ungrieved same-sex attachment (Gender Trouble, 1990). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990); The Psychic Life of Power (1997); S. Freud, “Trauer und Melancholie” (1917); Das Ich und das Es (1923)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
ज़ीगमुंड फ़्रॉइड › 1856–1939
जे. एल. ऑस्टिन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Butler reworked Austin’s performative utterances, read through Derrida’s iterability, into a theory of gender performativity and of injurious speech (Bodies That Matter, 1993; Excitable Speech, 1997). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993); Excitable Speech (1997); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962); SEP “John Langshaw Austin”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जे. एल. ऑस्टिन › 1911–1960
लुई अल्थुसर
जिनसे प्रभावित
Butler took up Althusser’s interpellation and asked why the hailed subject turns round, finding a passionate attachment to subjection (The Psychic Life of Power, 1997). J. Butler, The Psychic Life of Power (1997); L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970); SEP “Louis Althusser”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
लुई अल्थुसर › 1918–1990
मिशेल फूको
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Butler took Foucault’s view that power produces subjects it regulates and applied it to sex and gender, drawing on his edition of Herculine Barbin’s memoirs (Gender Trouble, 1990). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990); M. Foucault, Histoire de la sexualité I. La volonté de savoir (1976); Herculine Barbin dite Alexina B. (1978); SEP “Michel Foucault”
मिशेल फूको › 1926–1984
जाक देरिदा
जिनसे प्रभावित
Butler took Derrida’s iterability and citationality (‘Signature événement contexte’, 1971) to explain how gender norms gain force through repetitions that can also go astray (Bodies That Matter, 1993). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993); J. Derrida, “Signature événement contexte” (1971), in Marges de la philosophie (1972); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जाक देरिदा › 1930–2004
सभी दिखाएँ (11)कम दिखाएँ
हाना आरंट
जिनसे प्रभावित
Butler took up Arendt’s right to have rights (Who Sings the Nation-State?, with Spivak, 2007) and space of appearance (Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly, 2015). J. Butler and G. C. Spivak, Who Sings the Nation-State? (2007); J. Butler, Parting Ways (2012); Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly (2015); SEP “Hannah Arendt”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हाना आरंट › 1906–1975
मैरी डगलस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Butler took Douglas’s view in Purity and Danger (1966) that the body’s boundaries mark social limits, while rejecting her structuralist divide of nature and culture (Gender Trouble, 1990). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990); M. Douglas, Purity and Danger (1966)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैरी डगलस › 1921–2007
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों
जिनसे प्रभावित
In “Violence, Non-Violence: Sartre on Fanon” (2006) Butler read The Wretched of the Earth together with Sartre’s preface, asking whom each text addresses and how colonial violence shapes the bodies and the masculinity of the colonised. J. Butler, “Violence, Non-Violence: Sartre on Fanon”, Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 27:1 (2006); repr. in Senses of the Subject (2015)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों › 1925–1961
आद्रियाना कावारेरो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Butler built on Cavarero’s Relating Narratives (1997; Eng. 2000), in which the self depends on others who tell its story, for Giving an Account of Oneself (2005). J. Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself (2005); A. Cavarero, Tu che mi guardi, tu che mi racconti (1997; Relating Narratives, 2000)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आद्रियाना कावारेरो › जन्म 1947
ईव कोसोफ़्स्की सेजविक
जिनसे प्रभावित
Butler engaged with Sedgwick’s work in ‘Capacity’ (Regarding Sedgwick, 2002); Jagose’s introduction (1996) counts both among the founders of queer theory. J. Butler, “Capacity”, in S. M. Barber and D. L. Clark (eds.), Regarding Sedgwick: Essays on Queer Culture and Critical Theory (2002); A. Jagose, Queer Theory (1996)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ईव कोसोफ़्स्की सेजविक › 1950–2009
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
सबा महमूद
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Mahmood took up Butler’s performativity, in which norms are inhabited through repeated bodily acts, but argued that Butler still tied agency to subverting norms (Politics of Piety, 2005). S. Mahmood, Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject (2005); J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सबा महमूद › 1962–2018
आलोचना
परस्पर आलोचना 1
नैन्सी फ़्रेज़र ⇄ परस्पर
जिनकी आलोचना की
In ‘Merely Cultural’ (1998) Butler objected that Fraser’s split between economic and cultural injustice relegates struggles over sexuality to recognition, although they concern the reproduction of capitalism. J. Butler, “Merely Cultural”, New Left Review 227 (1998); N. Fraser, “Heterosexism, Misrecognition, and Capitalism”, New Left Review 228 (1998)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Fraser objected that Butler’s resignification offers no norms to distinguish emancipatory from oppressive change (‘False Antitheses’, 1991) and treated heterosexism as misrecognition rather than maldistribution (1998). N. Fraser, “False Antitheses”, Praxis International 11 (1991); “Heterosexism, Misrecognition, and Capitalism: A Response to Judith Butler”, New Left Review 228 (1998)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
नैन्सी फ़्रेज़र › जन्म 1947
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
मार्था नस्बॉम
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Nussbaum objected that Butler’s obscure prose and politics of subversive parody turn feminism away from material injustice and political action (‘The Professor of Parody’, 1999). M. C. Nussbaum, “The Professor of Parody”, The New Republic, 22 February 1999
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्था नस्बॉम › जन्म 1947
सेला बेनहबीब
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Benhabib objected that Butler’s performative theory of gender dissolves the subject and thus leaves no room for agency and feminist emancipation (‘Feminism and Postmodernism’, 1991). S. Benhabib, “Feminism and Postmodernism: An Uneasy Alliance”, Praxis International 11 (1991); repr. in Feminist Contentions (1995), with Butler’s reply “Contingent Foundations”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सेला बेनहबीब › जन्म 1950
जिनकी आलोचना की 7
जाक लाकाँ
जिनकी आलोचना की
Butler objected that Lacan’s symbolic law fixes sexual positions around the phallus as quasi-timeless, and recast the phallus as a resignifiable norm (Bodies That Matter, 1993, ch. 2). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 2; Bodies That Matter (1993), ch. 2 “The Lesbian Phallus and the Morphological Imaginary”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाक लाकाँ › 1901–1981
सिमोन द बोव्वार जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Butler read Beauvoir’s ‘one becomes a woman’ as gender being an ongoing act of becoming (‘Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex’, 1986). J. Butler, “Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex”, Yale French Studies 72 (1986); Gender Trouble (1990); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनकी आलोचना की
Butler objected that Beauvoir’s ‘one becomes a woman’ still keeps a natural sex beneath gender and a Cartesian dualism of mind and body (Gender Trouble, 1990, ch. 1). J. Butler, “Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex”, Yale French Studies 72 (1986); Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 1
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सिमोन द बोव्वार › 1908–1986
पियरे बूर्दियो
जिनकी आलोचना की
Butler objected that Bourdieu ties the force of performative speech to prior institutional authority, leaving no room for subversive resignification (Excitable Speech, 1997; ‘Performativity’s Social Magic’, 1999). J. Butler, Excitable Speech (1997); “Performativity’s Social Magic”, in R. Shusterman (ed.), Bourdieu: A Critical Reader (1999)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पियरे बूर्दियो › 1930–2002
लूस इरिगरे
जिनकी आलोचना की
Butler objected that Irigaray’s feminine, excluded by a single masculine economy, is a globalising figure that keeps the heterosexual frame of sexual difference (Gender Trouble, 1990, ch. 1). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 1; Bodies That Matter (1993), ch. 1
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लूस इरिगरे › जन्म 1930
जूलिया क्रिस्टेवा
जिनकी आलोचना की
Butler objected that Kristeva’s semiotic, rooted in a pre-paternal maternal body, naturalises maternity and remains subordinate to the paternal law it contests (Gender Trouble, 1990, ch. 3). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 3.1 “The Body Politics of Julia Kristeva”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जूलिया क्रिस्टेवा › जन्म 1941
कैथरीन ए. मैककिनन
जिनकी आलोचना की
Butler objected that MacKinnon’s account of pornography as speech that enacts women’s subordination overstates its performative power and invites state censorship (Excitable Speech, 1997). J. Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (1997); C. A. MacKinnon, Only Words (1993)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कैथरीन ए. मैककिनन › जन्म 1946
स्लावोय झ़िझ़ेक
जिनकी आलोचना की
Butler objected that Žižek’s Lacanian Real works as an ahistorical, quasi-transcendental limit that fixes sexual difference beyond political contest (Bodies That Matter, 1993; Contingency, Hegemony, Universality, 2000). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993), ch. 7 “Arguing with the Real”; J. Butler, E. Laclau & S. Žižek, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality (2000)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
स्लावोय झ़िझ़ेक › जन्म 1949
कृतियाँ
- 1990जेंडर ट्रबल
निष्पादनात्मक दोहराव के रूप में जेंडर – बोव्वार, लाकाँ और फूको के साथ और उनके विरुद्ध।
- 1993बॉडीज़ दैट मैटर
“सेक्स” की विमर्शात्मक सीमाओं पर।
मत
Butler’s Gender Trouble questioned a basic assumption of feminism: that there is a natural sex on which a cultural gender is merely built. Gender, Butler argued, is not something we are but something we do – it is “performative,” produced through the constant repetition of norms, gestures and speech acts. What appears natural is the effect of this repetition, regulated by a “heterosexual matrix.” Because norms must be repeated, they can also be shifted, parodied and subverted. In Bodies That Matter Butler extended the analysis to the materiality of bodies. Later works dealt with hate speech, vulnerability and grievable lives after 9/11. Butler became a founding figure of queer theory.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Butler was born in Cleveland in 1956, studied philosophy at Yale and spent a year in Heidelberg; their dissertation dealt with the reception of Hegel in twentieth-century France. After teaching at Johns Hopkins they have taught at the University of California, Berkeley, since 1993. In 2012 they received the Adorno Prize of the city of Frankfurt.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Subjects of Desire (1987)
- Gender Trouble (1990)
- Bodies That Matter (1993)
- Excitable Speech (1997)
- Precarious Life (2004)
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