جون لانجشو أوستن
الكلام نوع من الفعل: فحين نعد أو نعتذر أو نسمّي سفينة، تؤدي كلماتنا الفعل بدل أن تصفه.
التموضع
نظرية أفعال الكلام: بالكلمات نفعل – نَعِد ونُعمِّد ونراهن.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- أفعال الكلام
- الأقوال الإنجازية
التلاميذ: جون سورل
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 2
أرسطو
تأثّر بـ ✓
Austin, trained as a classicist, read Aristotle closely and examined his concepts of the good and of happiness (‘Agathon and Eudaimonia in the Ethics of Aristotle’, publ. 1967). J. L. Austin, “Agathon and Eudaimonia in the Ethics of Aristotle”, in J. M. E. Moravcsik (ed.), Aristotle: A Collection of Critical Essays (1967); SEP “John Langshaw Austin”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
جورج إدوارد مور
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Austin made Moore’s reading of ‘could have done otherwise’ as ‘could, if I had chosen’ (Ethics, 1912) the starting point of ‘Ifs and Cans’ (1956). J. L. Austin, “Ifs and Cans”, Proceedings of the British Academy 42 (1956); G. E. Moore, Ethics (1912); SEP “John Langshaw Austin”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جورج إدوارد مور › 1873–1958
أثّر في 5
هربرت بول جرايس
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Grice, one of Austin’s ‘Saturday mornings’ group, kept its close attention to ordinary usage but distinguished what is said from what is implicated (William James Lectures, 1967). H. P. Grice, “Logic and Conversation” (William James Lectures 1967; publ. 1975); Studies in the Way of Words (1989), “Prolegomena”; SEP “Paul Grice”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هربرت بول جرايس › 1913–1988
يورغن هابرماس
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Habermas built his universal pragmatics on Austin’s speech-act theory, aligning communicative action with illocutionary and strategic action with perlocutionary effects (‘Was heißt Universalpragmatik?’, 1976). J. Habermas, “Was heißt Universalpragmatik?” (1976); Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962); SEP “Jürgen Habermas”
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يورغن هابرماس › 1929–2026
جون سورل علّم
علّم
At Oxford, where he studied from 1952 as a Rhodes Scholar, Searle was taught by Austin as well as by Strawson, Berlin and Hampshire; his Speech Acts (1969) developed Austin’s theory, although he said Austin’s attention to linguistic minutiae left him unmoved. J. R. Searle, interview with T. Crane, CRASSH, University of Cambridge (9 June 2014)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون سورل › 1932–2025
إيف كوسوفسكي سيدجويك
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Sedgwick revisited Austin’s performative utterances and their examples of marriage vows, coining the ‘periperformative’ for utterances clustering around them (Touching Feeling, 2003). E. K. Sedgwick, Touching Feeling (2003); A. Parker and E. K. Sedgwick (eds.), Performativity and Performance (1995); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيف كوسوفسكي سيدجويك › 1950–2009
جوديث بتلر
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Butler reworked Austin’s performative utterances, read through Derrida’s iterability, into a theory of gender performativity and of injurious speech (Bodies That Matter, 1993; Excitable Speech, 1997). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993); Excitable Speech (1997); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962); SEP “John Langshaw Austin”
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جوديث بتلر › وُلد 1956
النقد
انتقده 1
جاك دريدا
انتقده
In ‘Signature Event Context’ (1971) Derrida objected that Austin excludes ‘non-serious’, cited utterances as parasitic, although iterability belongs to every performative. J. Derrida, “Signature événement contexte” (1971), in Marges de la philosophie (1972); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962), Lecture II; SEP “Jacques Derrida”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جاك دريدا › 1930–2004
ينتقد 1
ألفرد آير
انتقد
Austin attacked the sense-datum theory of Ayer’s Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940), above all the argument from illusion (Sense and Sensibilia, lectures published 1962). J. L. Austin, Sense and Sensibilia, ed. G. J. Warnock (1962); A. J. Ayer, The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940); Ayer’s reply: “Has Austin Refuted the Sense-Datum Theory?”, Synthese 17 (1967)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ألفرد آير › 1910–1989
الأعمال
الأقوال الأدائية: القول فعل.
ضد نظرية المعطيات الحسية.
الموقف
Austin distrusted grand philosophical theories and preferred patient attention to what we actually say – ordinary language, he thought, stores the distinctions of many generations. His most influential discovery: many utterances do not describe anything but perform an action. Whoever says “I promise” or “I name this ship” under the right circumstances is not reporting but promising or naming. Such performative utterances are not true or false but succeed or fail (“infelicities”). From this Austin developed a general theory of speech acts, distinguishing what is said (locution), what is done in saying it (illocution) and the effects it produces (perlocution). Searle systematised the theory, and it reshaped linguistics, legal theory and, through Derrida and Butler, cultural theory.
الحياة والسياق
Austin was born in Lancaster in 1911 and studied classics at Oxford. During the Second World War he worked in British military intelligence and contributed to the preparations for the Normandy landings. From 1952 White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford, he led the “Saturday mornings” discussion group. He died in 1960, aged only 48; his main works appeared posthumously.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- A Plea for Excuses (1956)
- Philosophical Papers (1961)
يرد في
- رحلة «المنعطف اللغوي» · المحطة 7 من 10
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