لوي ألتوسير
تشكّلنا المدارس والكنائس ووسائل الإعلام بهدوء ذواتًا تقبل النظام الاجتماعي – فتعمل الأيديولوجيا بمناداتنا قبل أن نستطيع الاختيار.
التموضع
الماركسية البنيوية: تكوّن أجهزة الدولة الأيديولوجية الذوات بـ«الاستدعاء».
الأفكار الرئيسة
- أجهزة الدولة الأيديولوجية
- الاستدعاء (Interpellation)
- القطيعة المعرفية
الأساتذة: غاستون باشلار
التلاميذ: ميشال فوكو, جاك دريدا, بولين هونتونجي, سليمان باشير ديان
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 6
باروخ سبينوزا
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Althusser drew on Spinoza for his concept of structural causality and said of himself and his circle ‘we were Spinozists’ (Elements of Self-Criticism, 1974). L. Althusser, Lire le Capital (1965); Éléments d’autocritique (1974); SEP “Louis Althusser”
باروخ سبينوزا › 1632–1677
كارل ماركس
تأثّر بـ ✓
Althusser read Marx against humanist interpretations, claiming an ‘epistemological break’ around 1845 between the young Marx of alienation and the science of Capital (For Marx, 1965). L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); Lire le Capital (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
غاستون باشلار تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على ✓
Althusser obtained his diplôme d’études supérieures in 1947 for a study of content in Hegel’s thought directed by Bachelard; Bachelard’s idea of a break between ideological and scientific concepts later shaped his ‘epistemological break’ in Marx. SEP “Louis Althusser”; L. Althusser, “Du contenu dans la pensée de G. W. F. Hegel” (1947), in Écrits philosophiques et politiques I (1994)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
غاستون باشلار › 1884–1962
أنطونيو غرامشي
تأثّر بـ ✓
In ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’ (1970) Althusser credited Gramsci with seeing that the state includes institutions of civil society, though Reading Capital (1965) rejected his historicism. L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État”, La Pensée (1970); Lire le Capital (1965), “Le marxisme n’est pas un historicisme”
أنطونيو غرامشي › 1891–1937
جاك لاكان
تأثّر بـ
Althusser took up Lacan’s return to Freud (‘Freud and Lacan’, 1964) and modelled ideology’s imaginary relation of individuals to their conditions on Lacan’s mirror stage (1970). L. Althusser, “Freud et Lacan”, La Nouvelle Critique (1964); “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970); SEP “Louis Althusser”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جاك لاكان › 1901–1981
جورج كانغيلام
تأثّر بـ ✓
Althusser cited Canguilhem, with Bachelard and Cavaillès, as a model for reading Marx’s science through its concepts and problematics rather than as a continuous progress (Reading Capital, 1965). L. Althusser et al., Lire le Capital (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
جورج كانغيلام › 1904–1995
أثّر في 7
ميشال فوكو علّم
علّم ✓
Foucault was a student at the École normale supérieure when Althusser became its philosophy tutor (agrégé-répétiteur, ‘caïman’) in 1948 and prepared for the agrégation (1951) under him; under Althusser’s influence he joined the Communist Party in 1950 and left it in 1953. D. Eribon, Michel Foucault (1989); SEP “Louis Althusser”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
ميشال فوكو › 1926–1984
جاك دريدا علّم
علّم ✓
Derrida entered the École normale supérieure in 1952 and prepared the agrégation under Althusser as philosophy tutor (caïman); he passed in 1956 at the second attempt and from 1964 taught at the École alongside Althusser. B. Peeters, Derrida (2010)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
جاك دريدا › 1930–2004
نيكوس بولانتزاس
أثّر في ✓
Poulantzas built on Althusser’s structural Marxism, treating the state as a relatively autonomous level of the social formation (Political Power and Social Classes, 1968). N. Poulantzas, Pouvoir politique et classes sociales (1968); L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
نيكوس بولانتزاس › 1936–1979
بولين هونتونجي علّم
علّم
When Hountondji entered the École normale supérieure in 1963, Althusser, then philosophy tutor (caïman), set him a 48-hour essay to decide whether he should prepare the agrégation in philosophy; Hountondji later linked his disappointment with Tempels’ Bantu Philosophy partly to Althusser’s warning against ideology. P. J. Hountondji, “My Experience with Paul Ricœur”, Études Ricœuriennes / Ricœur Studies 12:1 (2021), 50–59
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بولين هونتونجي › 1942–2024
سلافوي جيجك
أثّر في ✓
Žižek took up Althusser’s theory of ideology as interpellation and material ritual, arguing that interpellation never fully succeeds (The Sublime Object of Ideology, 1989). S. Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (1989); L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970)
سلافوي جيجك › وُلد 1949
سليمان باشير ديان علّم
علّم ✓
Diagne trained at the École normale supérieure in the late 1970s (agrégation 1978); he recalls Althusser’s lectures there, among them one on the notion of beginning, applied to Marx. S. B. Diagne, interview with C. Fowler, In the Foreground (podcast, Clark Art Institute, 2021)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
سليمان باشير ديان › وُلد 1955
جوديث بتلر
أثّر في
Butler took up Althusser’s interpellation and asked why the hailed subject turns round, finding a passionate attachment to subjection (The Psychic Life of Power, 1997). J. Butler, The Psychic Life of Power (1997); L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970); SEP “Louis Althusser”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جوديث بتلر › وُلد 1956
النقد
انتقده 2
لشك كولاكفسكي
انتقده
Kołakowski concluded that Althusser’s reading of Marx reduces to commonplaces in new verbal disguise, traditional Marxist tenets repeated without explanation, or wrong historical judgements (‘Althusser’s Marx’, 1971). L. Kołakowski, “Althusser’s Marx”, The Socialist Register 8 (1971), conclusion (quoted in P. Walker’s review, International Socialism 50, 1972); Main Currents of Marxism III (1978)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لشك كولاكفسكي › 1927–2009
ستيوارت هال أثّر في
أثّر في
Hall took from Althusser the relative autonomy of ideology and overdetermination, and counted structuralism, beside culturalism, as one of the two paradigms of cultural studies (1980). S. Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980); L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
انتقده
Hall valued Althusser’s theory of ideology but objected that it explains reproduction too functionally, leaving no room for contradiction and struggle (‘Signification, Representation, Ideology’, 1985). S. Hall, “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post-Structuralist Debates”, Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (1985), 91–114
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ستيوارت هال › 1932–2014
ينتقد 1
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل
انتقد
Althusser denied that Marx merely inverted Hegel’s dialectic, contrasting Hegel’s simple contradiction and expressive totality with an overdetermined, structured whole (‘Contradiction and Overdetermination’, 1962). L. Althusser, “Contradiction et surdétermination” (1962), in Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل › 1770–1831
الأعمال
القطيعة الإبستمولوجية بين ماركس الشاب وماركس الناضج.
«أنتَ يا من هناك!» – كيف تستدعي الأيديولوجيا الأفراد بوصفهم ذواتًا.
الموقف
Althusser read Marx against humanist interpretations. He claimed an “epistemological break” separates the young Marx, still speaking of alienation and human essence, from the mature scientific Marx of Capital. History, for him, is a “process without a subject”, structured by interlocking economic, political and ideological levels. His most influential idea concerns ideology: it is not simply false consciousness but material practices in schools, churches, family and media – the ideological state apparatuses. Ideology “interpellates” individuals as subjects, like a policeman calling “Hey, you there!”, and in turning around we become who we are supposed to be. This shaped structuralism, cultural studies and film theory.
الحياة والسياق
Born in Algeria, Althusser spent most of the Second World War in a German prisoner-of-war camp. For decades he taught at the École normale supérieure in Paris, where Foucault, Derrida and Balibar were among those around him, and was a member of the French Communist Party. In 1980, in their flat at the École normale supérieure, he strangled his wife, the sociologist and former Resistance member Hélène Rytmann; on grounds of mental illness he was declared unfit to stand trial.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- For Marx (1965)
- Reading Capital, with Balibar and others (1965)
- Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (1970)
- The Future Lasts Forever (1992)
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