ब्लेज़ पास्काल
मनुष्य दीन भी हैं और महान भी, तर्क गहनतम प्रश्नों का निपटारा नहीं कर सकता, और हृदय के अपने तर्क हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
गणितज्ञ और धार्मिक विचारक: हृदय के अपने तर्क हैं, जिन्हें बुद्धि नहीं जानती।
मुख्य विचार
- पास्काल की बाज़ी
- सूक्ष्मता की भावना (esprit de finesse)
- मनुष्य की दीनता और महानता
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
एपिक्टेटस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In the Conversation with M. de Sacy (1655) Pascal praised Epictetus for knowing human duty and greatness, but held that, ignoring human weakness, he led to pride. B. Pascal, Entretien avec M. de Sacy sur Épictète et Montaigne (1655); SEP “Blaise Pascal”
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एपिक्टेटस › लगभग 50–135
ऑगस्टीन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Pascal’s Pensées (1670) build on Augustine’s doctrine of a human nature fallen through original sin and restored only by grace, which he knew through Jansenius and Port-Royal. B. Pascal, Pensées (1670); Écrits sur la grâce; SEP “Blaise Pascal”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
ऑगस्टीन › 354–430
मान्तेन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Pascal drew heavily on Montaigne’s Essays, above all the Apology for Raymond Sebond, for his picture of human misery, custom and diversion in the Pensées (1670). B. Pascal, Pensées (1670); Entretien avec M. de Sacy (1655); SEP “Blaise Pascal”
मान्तेन › 1533–1592
अंतुआन आर्नो
जिनसे प्रभावित
When the Sorbonne moved to censure Arnauld in 1656, Pascal took up his cause and the Jansenist doctrine of grace in the Provincial Letters (1656–57). B. Pascal, Les Provinciales (1656–57); SEP “Blaise Pascal”; SEP “Antoine Arnauld”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अंतुआन आर्नो › 1612–1694
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
अलेक्सी द तोकविल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Tocqueville counted Pascal among three authors he ‘lived with’ daily (1836); Democracy in America (1840) holds up his disinterested passion for truth against democracy’s taste for useful science. A. de Tocqueville, letter to L. de Kergorlay (Nov. 1836); De la démocratie en Amérique II (1840); P. A. Rahe, Soft Despotism, Democracy’s Drift (2009)
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अलेक्सी द तोकविल › 1805–1859
विलियम जेम्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
James discussed Pascal’s wager in ‘The Will to Believe’ (1896) and defended the right to believe where evidence cannot settle a live, forced and momentous option. W. James, “The Will to Believe” (1896); SEP “William James”; SEP “Pascal’s Wager”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
विलियम जेम्स › 1842–1910
मिगुएल डे उनामुनो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Unamuno read Pascal as a kindred spirit of agonic faith, a belief that lives with doubt (‘Pascalian Faith’, 1923; The Agony of Christianity, 1925). M. de Unamuno, “La foi pascalienne”, Revue de métaphysique et de morale (1923); L’Agonie du christianisme (1925)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मिगुएल डे उनामुनो › 1864–1936
पियरे बूर्दियो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Pascalian Meditations (1997) Bourdieu took Pascal as guide against the scholastic illusion of pure reason, drawing on his view that custom and the body make belief. P. Bourdieu, Méditations pascaliennes (1997); B. Pascal, Pensées (1670); SEP “Blaise Pascal”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
पियरे बूर्दियो › 1930–2002
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
वोल्तेर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In the 25th of his Philosophical Letters (1734) Voltaire took the side of humanity ‘against that sublime misanthrope’ Pascal, rejecting his picture of human wretchedness and the wager. Voltaire, Lettres philosophiques (1734), Letter XXV, “Sur les Pensées de M. Pascal”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
वोल्तेर › 1694–1778
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
रने देकार्त
जिनकी आलोचना की
Pascal could not forgive Descartes for wanting to do without God, needing him only for a flick to set the world in motion (Pensées, fr. 1001 Lafuma). B. Pascal, Pensées, ed. Lafuma, fr. 1001 (Brunschvicg 77); fr. 887 (B 78: “Descartes inutile et incertain”)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
कृतियाँ
- 1670पेंसेस (विचार)
ईसाई धर्म के पक्ष में एक क्षमा-याचना के अंश: दाँव, हृदय, सोचता हुआ नरकट।
मत
Pascal described the human being as a “thinking reed”: fragile and lost between the infinitely large and the infinitely small, yet great because it knows its wretchedness. Reason has limits; besides the geometric mind there is the intuitive “spirit of finesse”, and the heart has its reasons that reason does not know. Since reason cannot prove or disprove God, he proposed his famous wager: betting on God costs little and may win infinite gain. Against the distractions with which we flee ourselves, he urged honest self-examination. His fragments, published as the Pensées, anticipated existentialist themes and remain a classic of religious thought.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in Clermont in 1623, Pascal was a mathematical prodigy who built a calculating machine as a young man, carried out experiments on the vacuum and, with Fermat, founded probability theory. After a religious experience in the night of 23 November 1654, which he recorded in his “Memorial”, he joined the circle of the Jansenists at Port-Royal and defended them in the Provincial Letters. Chronically ill, he died in Paris in 1662.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle (1654)
- Provincial Letters (1656–1657)
- Pensées (1670)
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