ألفريد شوتز
تقوم الحياة اليومية على مخزون هائل من المعارف والأنماط المسلَّم بها، وعلى علم الاجتماع أن يفهم كيف يُضفي الناس معنًى على عالمهم.
التموضع
مصرفي في النهار وفيلسوف في الليل: جمع بين ظاهراتية هوسرل وعلم اجتماع فيبر التأويلي ووصف عالم الحياة اليومية الذي نسلّم به.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- عالم الحياة والموقف الطبيعي
- التنميط
- الواقعيات المتعددة
- الغريب
التلاميذ: توماس لوكمان, بيتر بيرغر
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 4
ويليام جيمس
تأثّر بـ
Schutz reworked James’s sub-universes of reality into ‘finite provinces of meaning’, with the everyday world of working as paramount reality (‘On Multiple Realities’, 1945). A. Schutz, “On Multiple Realities”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 5 (1945); W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ويليام جيمس › 1842–1910
هنري برجسون
تأثّر بـ
Schutz grounded meaning in Bergson’s inner duration: lived experience becomes meaningful when a reflective glance turns back on it (Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt, 1932). A. Schütz, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932); Theorie der Lebensformen (manuscripts 1925–27, ed. I. Srubar, 1981); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هنري برجسون › 1859–1941
إدموند هوسرل
تأثّر بـ
Schutz used Husserl’s constitutive phenomenology to clarify Weber’s ‘subjective meaning’, describing how meaning is built up in consciousness and how we understand others; Husserl admired the book (1932). A. Schütz, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932); SEP “Alfred Schutz”; SEP “Edmund Husserl”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إدموند هوسرل › 1859–1938
ماكس فيبر
تأثّر بـ ✓
Schutz took up Weber’s demand that sociology understand the subjective meaning of action and asked what that meaning is, a question he found Weber had left unexamined (1932). A. Schütz, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932); SEP “Alfred Schutz”; SEP “Max Weber”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
ماكس فيبر › 1864–1920
أثّر في 7
هارولد جارفينكل
أثّر في
Garfinkel turned Schutz’s common-sense knowledge into an empirical topic, using breaching experiments to expose the background expectancies of everyday life (Studies in Ethnomethodology, 1967). H. Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967); J. Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (1984); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هارولد جارفينكل › 1917–2011
إرفنغ غوفمان
أثّر في
In Frame Analysis (1974) Goffman built on Schutz’s finite provinces of meaning, after James, but shifted from consciousness to the frames that organise definitions of situations. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); A. Schutz, “On Multiple Realities” (1945); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إرفنغ غوفمان › 1922–1982
دوروثي سميث
أثّر في
Smith built on Schutz’s phenomenology of the everyday world but held that its order is organised extra-locally, by texts and relations of ruling (1987). D. E. Smith, The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology (1987); “Women’s Perspective as a Radical Critique of Sociology”, Sociological Inquiry 44 (1974)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
دوروثي سميث › 1926–2022
توماس لوكمان علّم
علّم ✓
Luckmann studied at the New School for Social Research in New York in the 1950s and attended Schutz’s courses; after Schutz’s death he completed Strukturen der Lebenswelt from his drafts (1975/1984). A. Schütz & T. Luckmann, Strukturen der Lebenswelt I (1975), preface
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توماس لوكمان › 1927–2016
بيتر بيرغر علّم
علّم
Berger studied at the New School for Social Research in New York (MA 1950, PhD 1954), where he attended the courses of Schutz, who taught there. P. L. Berger, Adventures of an Accidental Sociologist (2011)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيتر بيرغر › 1929–2017
يورغن هابرماس
أثّر في
Habermas developed his concept of the lifeworld, the shared background of communication, in critical dialogue with Husserl, Schutz and Luckmann (Theory of Communicative Action, 1981). J. Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981), vol. II; A. Schutz and T. Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World (1973)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
يورغن هابرماس › 1929–2026
أنتوني غيدنز
أثّر في ✓
Giddens took up Schutz’s stocks of knowledge as actors’ ‘mutual knowledge’ but objected that Schutz neglected power and unintended consequences of action (New Rules of Sociological Method, 1976). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); The Constitution of Society (1984); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
أنتوني غيدنز › وُلد 1938
الأعمال
يؤسس علم اجتماع فيبر التفهّمي على ظاهراتية هوسرل: كيف نفهم في عالم الحياة اليومي ما يعنيه الآخرون.
الموقف
Schutz took up Max Weber’s demand that sociology understand the subjective meaning of action and asked what this “meaning” actually is – a question Weber had left unexamined. Drawing on Husserl’s phenomenology and Bergson’s analysis of inner time, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932) describes how meaning is built up in the stream of experience and how we understand other people. Its central idea is the life-world: the everyday reality we inhabit in the “natural attitude”, without doubting that the world exists and that others experience it much as we do. We cope with it through a “stock of knowledge at hand” made of typifications – the postman, the bus, a greeting – most of which we have learned from others. Schutz distinguished “in-order-to” motives from “because” motives, and the consociates we meet face to face from contemporaries known only as types. Essays such as “The Stranger” (1944) and “On Multiple Realities” (1945) applied these ideas. Through Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann’s The Social Construction of Reality (1966) and Harold Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology, his work shaped much of later sociology.
الحياة والسياق
Alfred Schutz (Schütz) was born in Vienna in 1899. After serving in the Austro-Hungarian army in the First World War he studied law and social science at the University of Vienna under Hans Kelsen and Ludwig von Mises. All his life he earned his living as a legal and financial adviser in banking, at first for the Vienna firm Reitler & Co. His only book published in his lifetime, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932), won Husserl’s admiration. When Germany annexed Austria in 1938 he happened to be in Paris on business; in 1939 the family emigrated to the United States. From 1943 he taught sociology and philosophy at the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research in New York, while continuing his banking work. He died in New York in 1959.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Phenomenology of the Social World (1932)
- “The Stranger” (1944)
- “On Multiple Realities” (1945)
- Collected Papers (posthumous, 1962–66)
- The Structures of the Life-World (with Thomas Luckmann, posthumous, 1973)
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