جورج هربرت ميد
الذات لا تُعطى عند الولادة بل تنبثق حين نتعلم أن نرى أنفسنا بعيون الآخرين في التفاعل الاجتماعي.
التموضع
تنشأ الذات من التفاعل الاجتماعي: الأنا الفاعل (I) والأنا المفعول (Me).
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الأنا الفاعل والأنا المفعول (I وMe)
- الرموز ذات الدلالة
- التفاعلية الرمزية (سمّاها تلميذه بلومر)
الأساتذة: فيلهلم دلتاي
التلاميذ: هربرت بلامر
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 6
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل
تأثّر بـ
Mead lectured on Hegel in Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1936); A. Honneth reads his social self as a naturalised version of Hegel’s recognition (1992). G. H. Mead, Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1936); A. Honneth, Kampf um Anerkennung (1992); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل › 1770–1831
تشارلز داروين
تأثّر بـ
Mead started his account of the ‘conversation of gestures’ from Darwin’s Expression of the Emotions (1872), reading gestures socially rather than as expression (Mind, Self, and Society, 1934). G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); C. Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تشارلز داروين › 1809–1882
فيلهلم فونت
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During his study in Germany (1888–91) Mead immersed himself in Wundt’s research and took over his account of the gesture. SEP “George Herbert Mead” (M. Aboulafia, S. Taylor), §1 and §2
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
فيلهلم فونت › 1832–1920
فيلهلم دلتاي تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على
Mead took two courses with Dilthey during his study in Germany. SEP “George Herbert Mead” (M. Aboulafia, S. Taylor), §1
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فيلهلم دلتاي › 1833–1911
ويليام جيمس
تأثّر بـ
Mead met William James at Harvard in 1887–88 and tutored his son, but did not study with him; his distinction between the “I” and the “me” takes up James’s analysis of the self in The Principles of Psychology (1890). SEP “George Herbert Mead”; W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), ch. 10; G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ويليام جيمس › 1842–1910
جون ديوي
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Mead, Dewey’s colleague in Michigan and Chicago from 1891, built on Dewey’s critique of the reflex arc (1896) in developing his theory of the social act. J. Dewey, “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology” (1896); G. H. Mead, The Philosophy of the Act (1938); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون ديوي › 1859–1952
أثّر في 7
هربرت بلامر علّم
علّم
Blumer studied with Mead at Chicago (PhD 1928) and took over his course in social psychology in 1931, when Mead fell ill; he coined the term ‘symbolic interactionism’ (1937) for the approach he drew from Mead. H. Blumer, Symbolic Interactionism (1969), ch. 1
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هربرت بلامر › 1900–1987
رايت ميلز
أثّر في
Mills drew on Mead’s social behaviourism to treat motives as socially learned vocabularies that actors use in situations (‘Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive’, 1940). C. W. Mills, “Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive”, American Sociological Review 5 (1940); H. Gerth and C. W. Mills, Character and Social Structure (1953)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
رايت ميلز › 1916–1962
إرفنغ غوفمان
أثّر في مختلف عليها
How far Goffman drew on Mead is disputed: he is often counted a symbolic interactionist, but commentators stress his debts to Durkheim and Simmel (Presentation of Self, 1956). E. Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956; 1959); T. Burns, Erving Goffman (1992); G. Smith, Erving Goffman (2006); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إرفنغ غوفمان › 1922–1982
توماس لوكمان
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With Berger, Luckmann took over Mead’s account of socialisation through significant others and the ‘generalized other’, internalising society’s roles and norms (The Social Construction of Reality, 1966). P. L. Berger and T. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (1966); G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
توماس لوكمان › 1927–2016
بيتر بيرغر
أثّر في
Berger grounded his view of identity as socially bestowed, sustained and transformed in Mead’s account of the self formed by taking others’ roles (Invitation to Sociology, 1963). P. L. Berger, Invitation to Sociology (1963), “Society in Man”; SEP “George Herbert Mead”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيتر بيرغر › 1929–2017
يورغن هابرماس
أثّر في ✓
Habermas saw in Mead’s theory of symbolically mediated interaction the paradigm shift from purposive to communicative action (Theory of Communicative Action, 1981). J. Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981), vol. II, “Der Paradigmenwechsel bei Mead und Durkheim”; G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934)
يورغن هابرماس › 1929–2026
أكسل هونيت
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Honneth read Mead’s social psychology as a naturalistic transformation of the young Hegel’s theory of recognition, grounding self-relation in the perspective of others (Kampf um Anerkennung, 1992). A. Honneth, Kampf um Anerkennung (1992); G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); SEP “Recognition”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
أكسل هونيت › وُلد 1949
الأعمال
تنشأ الذات بتبنّي دور الآخر.
الموقف
Mead explained how the self arises in social interaction. We are not born with a self; we acquire it by learning to take the attitude of others towards ourselves – first in play, when the child takes on individual roles, then in the game, when it grasps the rules of the whole group, the “generalised other”. Language, as a system of significant symbols, makes this possible. Within the self Mead distinguished the spontaneous, creative “I” from the “me”, the internalised attitudes of the community. His ideas became the basis of symbolic interactionism in sociology and influenced Habermas and Honneth.
الحياة والسياق
Mead studied at Oberlin and Harvard and spent several years in Leipzig and Berlin. From 1894 until his death he taught at the University of Chicago alongside Dewey. He published little in his lifetime; his main works were compiled by his students from lecture notes after his death.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Philosophy of the Present (1932)
- Mind, Self, and Society (1934)
- Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1936)
- The Philosophy of the Act (1938)
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