Agoraساحة مفتوحة للفكر

إرفنغ غوفمان

1922–1982

مدخل أولتبسيط مقصود – واللمحة تقول أكثر

في اللقاءات اليومية نؤدي أدوارًا كالممثلين على خشبة المسرح، ندير الانطباع الذي نتركه ونساعد الآخرين على حفظ ماء وجوههم.

التموضع

علم الاجتماع والنظرية الاجتماعية · أمريكا الشمالية · المجتمع والتاريخ, العقل والوعي

عالم اجتماع اللقاءات وجهًا لوجه: في الحياة اليومية نقدّم أنفسنا كالممثلين، ونحمي وجوهنا، ونلعب وفق قواعد غير مكتوبة – وصولًا إلى العالم المغلق لمصحّ الأمراض العقلية.

الأفكار الرئيسة

  • تقديم الذات (المنصة الأمامية والخلفية)
  • عمل الوجه وطقس التفاعل
  • المؤسسات الشاملة
  • الوصمة
  • تحليل الأطر

التلاميذ: آرلي راسل هوكسشيلد

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التأثير

تأثّر بـ 6

  • ويليام جيمس

    تأثّر بـ

    Goffman opened Frame Analysis (1974) with James’s question under what circumstances we think things real and his account of the many ‘sub-universes’ of reality. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), “The Perception of Reality”; SEP “William James”

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    ويليام جيمس › 1842–1910

  • إميل دوركايم

    تأثّر بـ

    Goffman applied Durkheim’s notion of the sacred to everyday encounters: the self is honoured in small rituals of deference and demeanour (Interaction Ritual, 1967). E. Goffman, “The Nature of Deference and Demeanor”, American Anthropologist 58 (1956), in Interaction Ritual (1967); É. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912)

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    إميل دوركايم › 1858–1917

  • جورج سيمل

    تأثّر بـ

    Goffman took Simmel’s ‘ideal sphere’ around every person as the basis of avoidance rituals that keep a respectful distance from others (‘The Nature of Deference and Demeanor’, 1956). E. Goffman, “The Nature of Deference and Demeanor” (1956), in Interaction Ritual (1967); G. Simmel, Soziologie (1908), “Das Geheimnis und die geheime Gesellschaft”

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    جورج سيمل › 1858–1918

  • جورج هربرت ميد

    تأثّر بـ مختلف عليها

    How far Goffman drew on Mead is disputed: he is often counted a symbolic interactionist, but commentators stress his debts to Durkheim and Simmel (Presentation of Self, 1956). E. Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956; 1959); T. Burns, Erving Goffman (1992); G. Smith, Erving Goffman (2006); SEP “George Herbert Mead”

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    جورج هربرت ميد › 1863–1931

  • ألفريد شوتز

    تأثّر بـ

    In Frame Analysis (1974) Goffman built on Schutz’s finite provinces of meaning, after James, but shifted from consciousness to the frames that organise definitions of situations. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); A. Schutz, “On Multiple Realities” (1945); SEP “Alfred Schutz”

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    ألفريد شوتز › 1899–1959

  • هربرت بلامر

    تأثّر بـ

    Goffman studied at Chicago while Blumer taught there and came to Berkeley at his invitation (1958); he shared Blumer’s focus on interaction but declined the label symbolic interactionist. H. Blumer, Symbolic Interactionism (1969); T. Burns, Erving Goffman (1992); J. Verhoeven, “An Interview with Erving Goffman, 1980”, Research on Language and Social Interaction 26 (1993)

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    هربرت بلامر › 1900–1987

أثّر في 2

  • أنتوني غيدنز

    أثّر في ✓

    Giddens treated Goffman as a systematic theorist of co-presence, using his analyses of encounters, front and back regions and tact in structuration theory (The Constitution of Society, 1984). A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society (1984); “Goffman as a Systematic Social Theorist”, in P. Drew and A. Wootton (eds.), Erving Goffman: Exploring the Interaction Order (1988)

    التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata

    أنتوني غيدنز › وُلد 1938

  • آرلي راسل هوكسشيلد علّم

    علّم

    Hochschild studied sociology at Berkeley (MA 1965, PhD 1969) and names Goffman among the teachers there she was privileged to work with; The Managed Heart (1983) builds on his dramaturgy. Classroom teaching, not supervision. UC Berkeley, Department of Sociology, alumni page “Arlie Hochschild (1962)”; A. R. Hochschild, The Managed Heart (1983)

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    آرلي راسل هوكسشيلد › وُلد 1940

الأعمال

الموقف

Goffman studied what he called the interaction order: what happens whenever people are in one another’s presence. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956; expanded 1959) uses the language of the theatre. In every encounter we perform for others, maintaining a “front” – setting, appearance, manner – while we prepare and relax in a “back region”, as waiters do between the dining room and the kitchen. Such impression management is not mere deception: social order depends on everyone helping everyone else to sustain the shared definition of the situation. In Interaction Ritual (1967) he described the work of saving “face”, drawing on Durkheim’s idea that the self is something sacred, honoured in small rituals of deference and demeanour. Asylums (1961) analysed “total institutions” – psychiatric hospitals, prisons, barracks, monasteries – that strip inmates of their former selves, and became a key text of the critique of psychiatry. Stigma (1963) examined how people with a “spoiled identity” manage information about themselves. Frame Analysis (1974) asked how we know what kind of situation we are in. Goffman refused to belong to any school, but many of his concepts have entered everyday language.

الحياة والسياق

Erving Goffman was born in 1922 in Mannville, Alberta, to Ukrainian Jewish immigrants. He studied sociology and anthropology at the University of Toronto and went on to the University of Chicago, where he took his doctorate in 1953. For his dissertation he spent some eighteen months on Unst, one of the Shetland Islands, observing everyday conduct in a small community, partly from the kitchen of the local hotel. In 1955–56 he did fieldwork at St Elizabeths, a large psychiatric hospital in Washington, D.C. He taught at Berkeley from 1958 and from 1968 at the University of Pennsylvania. Elected president of the American Sociological Association, he died of cancer in 1982 before he could deliver his presidential address, “The Interaction Order”.

أعمال رئيسة أخرى

  • The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956/1959)
  • Asylums (1961)
  • Stigma (1963)
  • Interaction Ritual (1967)
  • Frame Analysis (1974)
  • Forms of Talk (1981)

يرد في

المصادر: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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