تشارلز داروين
يرى داروين أنّ جميع الأنواع، ومنها الإنسان، تطورت عبر زمن هائل بالانتخاب الطبيعي، دون أي خطة أو مصمم.
التموضع
التطور بالانتخاب الطبيعي – وضع الإنسانية داخل التاريخ الطبيعي.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الانتخاب الطبيعي
- أصل الإنسان
التأثير
أثّر في 14
هربرت سبنسر
أثّر في
Spencer had formulated his evolutionism before Darwin, but after reading the Origin of Species he coined ‘survival of the fittest’ for natural selection (Principles of Biology, 1864). H. Spencer, The Principles of Biology, vol. I (1864); C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859), 5th ed. (1869); SEP “Herbert Spencer”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
هربرت سبنسر › 1820–1903
ويليام جيمس
أثّر في
James’s Principles of Psychology (1890) treated mind as a function serving the organism’s adaptation, and ‘Great Men and Their Environment’ (1880) applied Darwin’s spontaneous variation to history. W. James, “Great Men and Their Environment” (1880); The Principles of Psychology (1890); SEP “William James”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ويليام جيمس › 1842–1910
سيغموند فرويد
أثّر في
Freud took Darwin’s primal horde as a premise of Totem und Tabu (1912–13) and called his theory of descent the ‘biological’ blow to human self-love (1917). S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1912–13); “Eine Schwierigkeit der Psychoanalyse” (1917); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871); F. J. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind (1979)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سيغموند فرويد › 1856–1939
هنري برجسون
أثّر في ✓
In Creative Evolution (1907) Bergson accepted evolution but argued that Darwin’s insensible accidental variations cannot explain convergent organs such as the eye, positing a vital impetus. H. Bergson, L’Évolution créatrice (1907); SEP “Henri Bergson”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
هنري برجسون › 1859–1941
جون ديوي
أثّر في
In ‘The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy’ (1909) Dewey argued that the Origin of Species turned thought from fixed essences and final ends to change and concrete problems. J. Dewey, The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy and Other Essays (1910); SEP “John Dewey”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون ديوي › 1859–1952
دانيال دينيت
أثّر في
Dennett read Darwin’s natural selection as an algorithmic process that yields design without a designer, a ‘universal acid’ for traditional ideas of purpose (Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, 1995). D. C. Dennett, Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life (1995); C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
دانيال دينيت › 1942–2024
عرض الكل (14)عرض أقل
فريدريك إنجلز
أثّر في
Engels likened Marx’s law of history to Darwin’s law of organic nature (graveside speech, 1883) and drew on Darwin for an essay on labour in human evolution (1876). F. Engels, speech at Marx’s grave (1883); “Anteil der Arbeit an der Menschwerdung des Affen” (1876, publ. 1896); letter to Marx (Dec. 1859)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فريدريك إنجلز › 1820–1895
فرانسيس غالتون
أثّر في
Galton, Darwin’s half-cousin, said the Origin of Species turned him to heredity; Hereditary Genius (1869) led to his eugenics, which scholarship rejects as scientifically and ethically untenable. F. Galton, Hereditary Genius (1869); Memories of My Life (1908); C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فرانسيس غالتون › 1822–1911
بيوتر كروبوتكين
أثّر في
Against Huxley’s ‘struggle for existence’ Kropotkin invoked the social instincts of Darwin’s Descent of Man (1871) to make mutual aid a factor of evolution (Mutual Aid, 1902). P. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902); T. H. Huxley, “The Struggle for Existence” (1888); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيوتر كروبوتكين › 1842–1921
بول ريه
أثّر في
Rée’s Ursprung der moralischen Empfindungen builds an evolutionary moral psychology on Darwin’s account of morality and altruism. Cadernos Nietzsche 37 (1), 2016 (abstract read); R. Small, Nietzsche and Rée (2005)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بول ريه › 1849–1901
ين فو
أثّر في
In ‘On Strength’ (Yuan qiang, 1895) and the Tianyanlun (1898) Yan Fu introduced Darwin’s natural selection as a process in which things contend and Heaven chooses (wujing tianze), applying it to nations. Yan Fu, Yuan qiang (1895); Tianyanlun (1898); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (1964)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ين فو › 1854–1921
إدوارد ويسترمارك
أثّر في
Westermarck framed The History of Human Marriage (1891) with Darwin’s theory of descent and selection, arguing that lasting pair bonds, not promiscuity, go back to the earliest humans. E. Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage (1891); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إدوارد ويسترمارك › 1862–1939
جورج هربرت ميد
أثّر في
Mead started his account of the ‘conversation of gestures’ from Darwin’s Expression of the Emotions (1872), reading gestures socially rather than as expression (Mind, Self, and Society, 1934). G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); C. Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج هربرت ميد › 1863–1931
ماري ميدغلي
أثّر في
Midgley used Darwin and ethology to place human nature among the animals (Beast and Man, 1978) and criticised making evolution a secular creed (Evolution as a Religion, 1985). M. Midgley, Beast and Man (1978); Evolution as a Religion (1985)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ماري ميدغلي › 1919–2018
النقد
انتقده 4
جمال الدين الأفغاني
انتقده
Al-Afghani’s Refutation of the Materialists (1881) ridiculed Darwin’s theory among the ‘naturalist’ doctrines that, in his view, dissolve religion, morality and society. Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, al-Radd ʿalā al-dahriyyīn (1881), tr. N. R. Keddie, An Islamic Response to Imperialism, 1968
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جمال الدين الأفغاني › 1838–1897
فريدريك نيتشه
انتقده
Nietzsche’s ‘Anti-Darwin’ objected that life seeks power, not mere survival, and that the struggle favours the weak over the exceptional (Twilight of the Idols, 1889). F. Nietzsche, Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), Skirmishes §14 “Anti-Darwin”; Die fröhliche Wissenschaft (1887), §349; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فريدريك نيتشه › 1844–1900
سيلفيا وينتر
انتقده
In “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being” (2003) Wynter read Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) as the founding text of a second, biocentric conception of Man, in which the colonised and the poor appeared as the “dysselected” – a self-description of the West she set out to unsettle. S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3:3 (2003), 257–337
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سيلفيا وينتر › وُلد 1928
جيري فودور
انتقده
With Piattelli-Palmarini, Fodor argued that natural selection cannot distinguish traits selected for from coextensive ‘free riders’ and so does not explain adaptation (What Darwin Got Wrong, 2010). J. Fodor & M. Piattelli-Palmarini, What Darwin Got Wrong (2010), part II
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جيري فودور › 1935–2017
الأعمال
- 1859أصل الأنواع
الانتخاب الطبيعي محرّكًا للتطور.
الموقف
Darwin explained the diversity of life without a designer. Organisms vary, more are born than can survive, and those variations that help in the struggle for existence are passed on more often. Over vast periods this natural selection produces new species, all descended from common ancestors. The apparent design in nature, which theologians had used as proof of God, could thus arise from an undirected process. In The Descent of Man he applied the theory to humans, including our moral sense and emotions. Darwin changed how philosophy thinks about human nature, purpose, ethics and knowledge, from pragmatism to evolutionary epistemology.
الحياة والسياق
Born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, Darwin abandoned medicine in Edinburgh and studied for the clergy in Cambridge. The voyage of HMS Beagle (1831–1836), above all to South America and the Galápagos, made him a naturalist. He then lived as a private scholar at Down House in Kent for decades, publishing his theory in 1859 after Alfred Russel Wallace reached similar ideas. He died in 1882.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Voyage of the Beagle (1839)
- On the Origin of Species (1859)
- The Descent of Man (1871)
- The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)
يرد في
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora