سوامي فيفيكاناندا
الإلهي في كل شخص، فخدمة الآخرين خدمة لله – وجميع الأديان طرق إلى الحقيقة نفسها.
التموضع
راهب قدّم الفيدانتا إلى الغرب في شيكاغو عام 1893: «فيدانتا عملية» تقوم على الخدمة، وانسجام الأديان كلها.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الفيدانتا العملية
- انسجام الأديان
- الراجا يوغا
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 2
باتانجالي
تأثّر بـ
Vivekananda’s Raja Yoga (1896) translated and commented on Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra, presenting it as an experimental science of the mind. Swami Vivekananda, Raja Yoga (1896); E. De Michelis, A History of Modern Yoga (2004)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
باتانجالي › نحو 325–400
آدي شانكارا
تأثّر بـ
Vivekananda placed Shankara’s Advaita at the summit of Hinduism and turned it into a ‘practical Vedanta’ of service to others (lectures in London, 1896). Swami Vivekananda, Practical Vedanta (lectures, London 1896); A. Rambachan, The Limits of Scripture (1994)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
آدي شانكارا › نحو 700–750 · يُؤرَّخ عرفًا 788–820
أثّر في 1
سارفيبالي راذاكريشنان
أثّر في
Radhakrishnan recalled how students passed round Vivekananda’s speeches and letters, stirring pride in Indian culture; he carried on Vivekananda’s presentation of Vedanta as a universal religion. R. N. Minor, Radhakrishnan: A Religious Biography (1987); IEP “Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سارفيبالي راذاكريشنان › 1888–1975
النقد
انتقده 1
ويليام جيمس
انتقده
In Pragmatism (1907) James quoted Vivekananda, “the paragon of Vedantist missionaries”, as the voice of absolute monism – emotionally reassuring, but rejected for his pluralism; the Varieties (1902) cite his Raja Yoga on mystical states. W. James, Pragmatism (1907), Lecture IV “The One and the Many”; The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), Lectures XVI–XVII
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ويليام جيمس › 1842–1910
الأعمال
محاضرات نيويورك مع ترجمة ليوغا سوترا لباتانجالي: اليوغا علمًا للعقل مفتوحًا للجميع.
الموقف
Vivekananda presented Hinduism to the West as a universal, rational religion with Advaita Vedanta at its summit. All religions, he taught following Ramakrishna, are paths to the same truth; the soul is divine, and the task of life is to manifest that divinity. His “practical Vedanta” turned non-dualism into an ethic of service: to serve the poor is to worship God. He described four yogas – of work, devotion, knowledge and meditation – and in Raja Yoga read Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra as a science of the mind, shaping modern yoga. Scholars debate how far he reshaped the tradition and set a spiritual East against a material West; Hindu nationalists later claimed him.
الحياة والسياق
Narendranath Datta was born in 1863 in Calcutta and studied Western philosophy there. In 1881 he met the mystic Ramakrishna, became his disciple and, after his master’s death, took monastic vows as Swami Vivekananda. Having wandered across India, he spoke at the Parliament of the World’s Religions in Chicago in 1893 and taught in America and England. In 1897 he founded the Ramakrishna Mission. He died in 1902.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Addresses at the Parliament of Religions (1893)
- Karma Yoga (1896)
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