哈丽雅特·马蒂诺

Agora

哈丽雅特·马蒂诺

1802–1876

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

要理解一个社会，就必须仔细而公正地观察它——并且用它自己宣称的理想来评判它。

定位

社会学与社会理论 · 北欧 · 社会与历史, 政治与法, 性别与女性主义

作家和社会调查者，她以故事向维多利亚时代的英国讲授政治经济学，写下了最早的社会研究手册之一，并把孔德的实证主义介绍给英语读者。今天她常被称为第一位女社会学家。

核心思想

系统地观察道德与风俗
以社会自己宣称的理想来衡量社会
对奴隶制和妇女政治上不存在的批判

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影响

受影响于 2

亚当·斯密

受其影响
In Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34) Martineau turned the doctrines of Smith, Malthus and Ricardo into monthly stories, popularising the division of labour and free trade. H. Martineau, Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”
依据: AI 草稿
亚当·斯密 › 1723–1790
奥古斯特·孔德

受其影响
Martineau shared Comte’s view that society, like nature, follows knowable laws and condensed his Course of Positive Philosophy into an English version (1853). H. Martineau (trans.), The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (1853); How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838); SEP “Auguste Comte”
依据: AI 草稿
奥古斯特·孔德 › 1798–1857

作品

1838如何观察道德与风俗
最早的社会研究手册之一：先研究一个社会的制度和记录，只把人们所说的话当作对它们的评论——并以一个社会自己的原则来衡量这个社会。

立场

How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838) is one of the earliest treatises on the method of social research. Martineau warns travellers against judging foreign customs by their own prejudices and against generalising from a few conversations. Instead they should study “things” – institutions, records, buildings, epitaphs, popular songs, even the statistics of crime and suicide – in which a whole people expresses its morals. Society in America (1837) applied this method and measured the young republic against its own declared principles of equality and self-government. By that standard slavery stood condemned, and so did the position of women: in a chapter on “the political non-existence of women” she argued that they were governed without their consent, contrary to the Declaration of Independence. Martineau held that society, like nature, follows laws that can be known, which drew her to Comte; her translation made positivism available to English readers. Long remembered mainly as a populariser, she has been recognised since the late 20th century as a founder of sociology in her own right, though historians still debate how far the title fits.

生平与背景

Harriet Martineau was born in 1802 in Norwich into a Unitarian family of textile manufacturers and became increasingly deaf from her youth. When the family firm failed, she earned her living by writing. Her Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34), monthly stories that explained the ideas of Adam Smith, Malthus and Ricardo, made her famous. From 1834 to 1836 she travelled through the United States, where her open support for the abolitionists made her enemies. She went on to write novels, history and journalism, settled in Ambleside in the Lake District in 1845, and in 1853 published a condensed English translation of Comte’s Course of Positive Philosophy. She died in 1876; her Autobiography appeared the following year.