弗里德里希·恩格斯
在恩格斯看来，自然、历史和思想都通过矛盾而发展，而资本主义下工人的苦难可以被记录下来，并且必须被终结。
定位
马克思的合作者：阐发了关于自然和历史的唯物辩证法（后来被称为“辩证唯物主义”），并描述了英国工人阶级的状况。
核心思想
- 自然辩证法
- 工人阶级的状况
影响
受影响于 6
亨利·德·圣西门
受其影响
Engels credited Saint-Simon with foreseeing that the government of persons would give way to the administration of things (Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, 1880). F. Engels, Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft (French 1880, German 1882); Anti-Dühring (1878)
依据: AI 草稿
亨利·德·圣西门 › 1760–1825
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
受其影响 ✓
Engels separated Hegel’s revolutionary method from his conservative system (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886) and drew from the Logic the laws of dialectics set out in Dialectics of Nature. F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach (1886); Dialektik der Natur (written 1873–83, publ. 1925); Anti-Dühring (1878)
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
路德维希·费尔巴哈
受其影响 ✓
Engels recalled that Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity (1841) made ‘us all’ Feuerbachians at once and restored materialism against Hegel’s system (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886). F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (1886); L. Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christentums (1841); SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”
路德维希·费尔巴哈 › 1804–1872
查尔斯·达尔文
受其影响
Engels likened Marx’s law of history to Darwin’s law of organic nature (graveside speech, 1883) and drew on Darwin for an essay on labour in human evolution (1876). F. Engels, speech at Marx’s grave (1883); “Anteil der Arbeit an der Menschwerdung des Affen” (1876, publ. 1896); letter to Marx (Dec. 1859)
依据: AI 草稿
查尔斯·达尔文 › 1809–1882
约翰·雅各布·巴霍芬
受其影响
Engels drew on Bachofen’s Mother Right (1861) in The Origin of the Family (1884), calling the overthrow of mother right the ‘world-historical defeat of the female sex’. F. Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats (1884), preface to the 4th ed. (1891); J. J. Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht (1861)
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·雅各布·巴霍芬 › 1815–1887
卡尔·马克思
受其影响 ✓
After Marx’s death Engels edited Capital II (1885) and III (1894) from the manuscripts and credited the materialist conception of history mainly to Marx (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886). F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach (1886); K. Marx, Das Kapital II (ed. Engels, 1885), III (ed. Engels, 1894); SEP “Karl Marx”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
影响了 4
安东尼奥·拉布里奥拉
影响了
Labriola turned from Herbart to historical materialism around 1890 and discussed its questions with Engels in a correspondence lasting until 1895. A. Labriola, correspondence with F. Engels (1890–95); L. Kołakowski, Main Currents of Marxism II (1978)
依据: AI 草稿
安东尼奥·拉布里奥拉 › 1843–1904
格奥尔基·普列汉诺夫
影响了
Plekhanov translated Engels’ Ludwig Feuerbach (1886) into Russian with his own notes (1892) and built on it and Anti-Dühring his systematic account of dialectical materialism. F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (1886), Russian tr. G. Plekhanov (1892); S. H. Baron, Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism (1963)
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔基·普列汉诺夫 › 1856–1918
罗莎·卢森堡
影响了
In the Junius Pamphlet (1916) Luxemburg invoked Engels for the alternative ‘transition to socialism or regression into barbarism’, a wording scholars trace rather to Kautsky (1892). R. Luxemburg, Die Krise der Sozialdemokratie (Junius-Broschüre, written 1915, publ. 1916); K. Kautsky, Das Erfurter Programm (1892); I. Angus, “The Origin of Rosa Luxemburg’s Slogan ‘Socialism or Barbarism’”, Climate & Capitalism (2014)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
罗莎·卢森堡 › 1871–1919
亚历山德拉·柯伦泰
影响了
Kollontai took from Engels’ Origin of the Family (1884) the thesis that women’s subordination arose with private property (The Social Basis of the Woman Question, 1909). A. Kollontai, Social’nye osnovy ženskogo voprosa (1909); F. Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie (1884); R. Stites, The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia (1978)
依据: AI 草稿
亚历山德拉·柯伦泰 › 1872–1952
批评
受批评于 2
玛丽安娜·韦伯
受其批评
Marianne Weber rejected Engels’s scheme of an original communist, mother-right stage overturned by private property, seeing legitimate marriage as a contract protecting wives (Ehefrau und Mutter, 1907). Marianne Weber, Ehefrau und Mutter in der Rechtsentwicklung (1907); E. Höbenreich, “In the Red Light of Emotion”, Rivista di Diritto Romano 5 (2005)
依据: AI 草稿
玛丽安娜·韦伯 › 1870–1954
西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦
受其批评
Beauvoir objected that Engels never explains why private property should have meant women’s subjugation, reducing an existential situation to economics (The Second Sex, 1949). S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949), vol. I, Part I, ch. 3; F. Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie (1884); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
依据: AI 草稿
西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦 › 1908–1986
批评了 3
亚当·斯密
批评了
Engels called Smith the ‘economic Luther’ whose liberal economics replaced open mercantilist greed with hypocrisy, leaving private property unquestioned (Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy, 1844). F. Engels, “Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie”, Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (1844)
依据: AI 草稿
亚当·斯密 › 1723–1790
伊曼努尔·康德
批评了
Engels held that practice, experiment and industry refute Kant’s unknowable thing-in-itself: once chemistry produces alizarin, the thing-in-itself becomes a thing for us (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886). F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (1886), part II
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
弗里德里希·威廉·约瑟夫·谢林
批评了
Attending Schelling’s Berlin lectures, the young Engels defended Hegel against him and attacked his philosophy of revelation for subordinating reason to faith (Schelling und die Offenbarung, 1842). F. Engels, “Schelling über Hegel”, Telegraph für Deutschland (1841); Schelling und die Offenbarung (1842)
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·威廉·约瑟夫·谢林 › 1775–1854
作品
立场
Engels’ first major work was a vivid report on the misery of the industrial working class in England, an early classic of empirical social research. Together with Marx he wrote the Communist Manifesto and developed historical materialism. Already in Marx’s lifetime, in Anti-Dühring (1877–78, with a chapter by Marx) and in the unfinished Dialectics of Nature (written mainly 1873–83, published 1925), he presented dialectics as general laws of nature, history and thought, laying the ground for later “dialectical materialism”. After Marx’s death he did much to systematise and popularise their thought; in The Origin of the Family (1884) he linked the rise of private property and the state to the subordination of women. His accessible versions became the Marxism of the socialist parties of his day – and were later criticised as too schematic.
生平与背景
Son of a textile manufacturer from Barmen, Engels was sent to the family firm in Manchester, where he saw industrial poverty at first hand. From 1844 he was Marx’s closest collaborator and for decades supported him financially from his work in the business. After Marx’s death he edited the second and third volumes of Capital and became the leading voice of international socialism.
其他主要作品
- The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845)
- The Communist Manifesto, with Marx (1848)
- Anti-Dühring (1878)
- The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884)
- Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (1886)
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