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Adam Smith

1723–1790

Pierwsze przybliżeniecelowe uproszczenie – portret mówi więcej

Moralność wyrasta z naszej zdolności współodczuwania z innymi, a na wolnym rynku ludzie dążący do własnych interesów często bez zamiaru służą dobru społeczeństwa.

Umiejscowienie

Empiryzm, oświecenie i liberalizm · Europa Północna · Etyka, Społeczeństwo i historia, Polityka i prawo

Filozof moralności, często nazywany twórcą nowoczesnej ekonomii: sympatia jako podstawa moralności, „niewidzialna ręka” rynku.

Kluczowe idee

  • Niewidzialna ręka
  • Podział pracy
  • Bezstronny obserwator

Nauczyciele: Francis Hutcheson

Uczniowie: John Millar

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Wpływ

Pod wpływem 4

  • Arystoteles

    pod wpływem

    Smith ranked Aristotle’s virtue as a mean among the systems of propriety, saying it agrees ‘pretty exactly’ with his own account (The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759). A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759; 6th ed. 1790), part VII, sect. ii, ch. 1

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    Arystoteles › 384–322 p.n.e.

  • Hugo Grotius

    pod wpływem

    Ending The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Smith credited Grotius with the first attempt at a system of natural jurisprudence, which his own lectures took up. A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Part VII; Lectures on Jurisprudence, ed. R. L. Meek et al. (1978)

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    Hugo Grotius › 1583–1645

  • Francis Hutcheson nauczyciel(ka)

    nauczyciel(ka)

    Smith studied at Glasgow from 1737 to 1740 and attended Hutcheson’s lectures on moral philosophy; in 1787 he still spoke of ‘the never to be forgotten Dr Hutcheson’. A. Smith to A. Davidson, 16 Nov. 1787, in Correspondence of Adam Smith (Glasgow ed.); I. S. Ross, The Life of Adam Smith (1995)

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    Francis Hutcheson › 1694–1746

  • David Hume

    pod wpływem

    Smith developed Hume’s account of sympathy into the theory of moral judgement of The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), denying that utility is the first source of approval. A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Part IV; D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”

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    David Hume › 1711–1776

Wpływ na 7

  • Immanuel Kant

    wpływ na

    Marcus Herz called Smith Kant’s ‘favourite’ (letter of 1771); S. Fleischacker traces echoes of the Theory of Moral Sentiments in Kant’s moral philosophy. M. Herz to I. Kant, 9 July 1771; S. Fleischacker, “Philosophy in Moral Practice: Kant and Adam Smith”, Kant-Studien (1991)

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    Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804

  • John Millar uczeń/uczennica

    uczeń/uczennica

    Millar attended Smith’s lectures at Glasgow in the 1750s, became Professor of Civil Law there in 1761 and carried Smith’s historical account of society forward in his Observations concerning the Distinction of Ranks in Society (1771). J. Craig, “Account of the Life and Writings of John Millar”, in J. Millar, The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks (4th ed., 1806)

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    John Millar › 1735–1801

  • Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

    wpływ na

    Hegel cited Smith’s pin factory on the division of labour in his Jena lectures (1803–04) and named Smith among the political economists in the Philosophy of Right (1820). G. W. F. Hegel, Jenaer Systementwürfe I (1803–04); Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1820); N. Waszek, The Scottish Enlightenment and Hegel’s Account of ‘Civil Society’ (1988)

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    Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831

  • Harriet Martineau

    wpływ na

    In Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34) Martineau turned the doctrines of Smith, Malthus and Ricardo into monthly stories, popularising the division of labour and free trade. H. Martineau, Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”

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    Harriet Martineau › 1802–1876

  • Yan Fu

    wpływ na

    Yan Fu translated The Wealth of Nations as Yuanfu (1901–02) and argued in his commentary that freeing individual economic energies would strengthen the state. Yan Fu, Yuanfu (1901–02); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (1964)

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    Yan Fu › 1854–1921

  • Edvard Westermarck

    wpływ na

    Westermarck drew on Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments for the disinterestedness and apparent impartiality that make retributive emotions moral (Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, 1906–08). E. Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (1906–08); O. Pipatti, Morality Made Visible: Edward Westermarck’s Moral and Social Theory (2019); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”

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    Edvard Westermarck › 1862–1939

  • Amartya Sen

    wpływ na

    Sen took up Smith’s impartial spectator for an ‘open impartiality’ that hears voices from afar, against Rawls’s closed contract (The Idea of Justice, 2009). A. Sen, The Idea of Justice (2009); introduction to A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (2009)

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    Amartya Sen › ur. 1933

Krytyka

Krytyka ze strony 4

  • Adam Ferguson

    krytyka ze strony

    Ferguson disputed Smith’s preference for a standing army over a citizen militia (letter of 1776) and, in a manuscript dialogue, his grounding of moral approval in sympathy. Ferguson to Smith, 1776, in The Correspondence of Adam Smith (Glasgow Edition, 1977); A. Ferguson, “Of the Principle of Moral Estimation”, ed. E. C. Mossner, Journal of the History of Ideas 21 (1960)

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    Adam Ferguson › 1723–1816

  • Sophie de Grouchy wpływ na

    wpływ na

    Grouchy translated Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments into French (1798), and her appended Letters on Sympathy accept his thesis that morality rests on sympathy. S. de Grouchy, tr., Théorie des sentiments moraux (1798), with Lettres sur la sympathie; ed. K. Brown, tr. J. E. McClellan III, Letters on Sympathy (2008)

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    krytyka ze strony

    Grouchy’s Letters on Sympathy (1798), appended to her translation of Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, faulted Smith for not tracing sympathy to physical sensibility. S. de Grouchy, Lettres sur la sympathie (1798), Letter I; ed. K. Brown, tr. J. E. McClellan III, Letters on Sympathy (2008)

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    Sophie de Grouchy › 1764–1822

  • Karol Marks wpływ na

    wpływ na

    Marx worked through Smith on wages, profit and rent in the Paris Manuscripts (written 1844) and later built on his labour theory of value in Capital (1867). K. Marx, Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte (written 1844, printed 1932); Das Kapital I (1867); SEP “Karl Marx”

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    krytyka ze strony

    Marx credited Smith’s labour theory of value but criticised his ‘dogma’ that commodity prices resolve into wages, profit and rent, ignoring constant capital (Capital II, 1885, ch. 19). K. Marx, Das Kapital II (ed. Engels, 1885), ch. 19; Theorien über den Mehrwert I (1862–63), ch. 3

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    Karol Marks › 1818–1883

  • Fryderyk Engels

    krytyka ze strony

    Engels called Smith the ‘economic Luther’ whose liberal economics replaced open mercantilist greed with hypocrisy, leaving private property unquestioned (Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy, 1844). F. Engels, “Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie”, Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (1844)

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    Fryderyk Engels › 1820–1895

Krytykuje 1

  • Bernard Mandeville

    krytykuje

    Smith called Mandeville’s system ‘wholly pernicious’: it treats every passion as vice and confuses the love of true praiseworthiness with vanity (Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759, VII.ii.4). A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), VII.ii.4 (“Of licentious systems”)

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    Bernard Mandeville › 1670–1733

Dzieła

Stanowisko

Smith’s first great book explains morality through sympathy: we put ourselves in others’ place and judge our own conduct through the eyes of an “impartial spectator” within us. The Wealth of Nations then examines how prosperity arises. The division of labour multiplies productivity, and in free markets individuals pursuing their own interest are led, as if by an “invisible hand”, to promote the common good. Yet Smith warned of monopolies, collusion among merchants and the stultifying effects of monotonous work, and assigned the state essential tasks. The two works belong together: commercial society rests on moral sentiments. He is regarded as the founder of modern economics.

Życie i kontekst

Born in 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, Adam Smith studied in Glasgow under Francis Hutcheson and at Oxford. As professor of moral philosophy in Glasgow he became a leading figure of the Scottish Enlightenment and a close friend of Hume. Travelling in France as a tutor, he met the physiocrats. He later served as a customs commissioner in Edinburgh and died there in 1790.

Dalsze główne dzieła

  • The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)
  • An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)
  • Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795)

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