Antonio Gramsci
Les classes dominantes se maintiennent au pouvoir non surtout par la force mais en gagnant le consentement par la culture ; toute révolution doit donc d’abord gagner la bataille des idées.
Repères
Hégémonie culturelle : la domination repose aussi sur le consentement, pas seulement sur la contrainte.
Idées clés
- Hégémonie
- Intellectuels organiques
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Influence
Influences reçues de 4
Nicolas Machiavel
influencé par ✓
Gramsci read The Prince as a ‘living book’ that personifies a collective will and called the political party the ‘modern Prince’ (Notebook 13, 1932–34). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 13 (1932–34), “Noterelle sulla politica del Machiavelli”, ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
Attestation: aussi dans Wikidata · Wikidata
Nicolas Machiavel › 1469–1527
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
influencé par ✓
Norberto Bobbio argued (1967) that Gramsci’s concept of civil society, placed in the superstructure, derives from Hegel rather than Marx; the reading is debated. N. Bobbio, “Gramsci e la concezione della società civile” (1967), in Gramsci e la cultura contemporanea (1969); J. Texier, “Gramsci, théoricien des superstructures” (1968)
Attestation: aussi dans Wikidata · Wikidata
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831
Karl Marx
influencé par ✓
Gramsci read Marx’s 1859 Preface, by which people become conscious of social conflicts in ideological forms, as a basis for his theory of hegemony (prison notebooks, 1929–35). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); K. Marx, Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, Vorwort (1859)
Karl Marx › 1818–1883
Antonio Labriola
influencé par ✓
Gramsci took up Labriola’s term ‘philosophy of praxis’ and his view that Marxism is a self-sufficient philosophy, independent of materialism and idealism (prison notebooks, 1929–35). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 11 (1932–33), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); A. Labriola, Discorrendo di socialismo e filosofia (1898)
Antonio Labriola › 1843–1904
A influencé 10
Norberto Bobbio
a influencé
Bobbio argued that Gramsci, unlike Marx, placed civil society in the superstructure, making hegemony a matter of consent (‘Gramsci e la concezione della società civile’, 1967). N. Bobbio, “Gramsci e la concezione della società civile” (1967), in Gramsci e la cultura contemporanea (1969); A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Norberto Bobbio › 1909–2004
Louis Althusser
a influencé ✓
In ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’ (1970) Althusser credited Gramsci with seeing that the state includes institutions of civil society, though Reading Capital (1965) rejected his historicism. L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État”, La Pensée (1970); Lire le Capital (1965), “Le marxisme n’est pas un historicisme”
Louis Althusser › 1918–1990
Raymond Williams
a influencé
In Marxism and Literature (1977) Williams took up Gramsci’s distinction between rule and hegemony, describing hegemony as a lived system of meanings and values. R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (1977), “Hegemony”; A. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (tr. 1971)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Raymond Williams › 1921–1988
Stuart Hall
a influencé
Hall used Gramsci’s hegemony to read Thatcherism, an ‘authoritarian populism’, as a struggle for consent, and stressed his relevance to race and ethnicity (1986, 1988). S. Hall, “Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity”, Journal of Communication Inquiry 10 (1986); The Hard Road to Renewal (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
Attestation: brouillon IA
Stuart Hall › 1932–2014
Edward Saïd
a influencé
Said explained Orientalism’s durability with Gramsci’s hegemony and took from the Prison Notebooks the task of an ‘inventory’ of history’s traces in oneself (Orientalism, 1978). E. W. Said, Orientalism (1978), introduction; A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
Attestation: brouillon IA
Edward Saïd › 1935–2003
Nicos Poulantzas
a influencé ✓
Poulantzas took up Gramsci’s hegemony to describe how one fraction leads the ‘power bloc’ of dominant classes and secures consent (Political Power and Social Classes, 1968). N. Poulantzas, Pouvoir politique et classes sociales (1968); B. Jessop, Nicos Poulantzas (1985)
Attestation: aussi dans Wikidata · Wikidata
Nicos Poulantzas › 1936–1979
Tout afficher (10)Afficher moins
Zygmunt Bauman
a influencé
Bauman called Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks a major influence; Keith Tester traces to them his view of reality as praxis that can be otherwise (Culture as Praxis, 1973). Z. Bauman, Culture as Praxis (1973); K. Tester, “Paths in Zygmunt Bauman’s Social Thought”, Thesis Eleven 70 (2002); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
Attestation: brouillon IA
Zygmunt Bauman › 1925–2017
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
a influencé
Spivak took Gramsci’s term ‘subaltern’, via Subaltern Studies, and asked whether those excluded from hegemonic representation can be heard (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography” (1985), in In Other Worlds (1987); “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
Attestation: brouillon IA
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak › né(e) en 1942
Raewyn Connell
a influencé
Connell adapted Gramsci’s hegemony to gender: hegemonic masculinity is the culturally exalted form that legitimates men’s dominance over women and subordinates other masculinities (Gender and Power, 1987). R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (1987); Masculinities (1995); R. W. Connell and J. W. Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept”, Gender & Society 19 (2005); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
Attestation: brouillon IA
Raewyn Connell › né(e) en 1944
Dipesh Chakrabarty
a influencé
As a member of the Subaltern Studies collective, named after Gramsci’s ‘subaltern classes’, Chakrabarty studied the limits of class solidarity among Bengal’s jute workers (Rethinking Working-Class History, 1989). D. Chakrabarty, Rethinking Working-Class History: Bengal 1890–1940 (1989); R. Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies I (1982), preface; A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Dipesh Chakrabarty › né(e) en 1948
Critique
Critiques adressées à 3
Gaetano Mosca
a critiqué
Gramsci reinterpreted Mosca’s ‘political class’ as ‘the intellectual category of the dominant social group’, tying elite rule back to class and hegemony (Prison Notebooks). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975), esp. Q. 13; A. Bianchi, “Classe política e crise da democracia na crítica de Antonio Gramsci”, Tempo Social 31/2 (2019)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Gaetano Mosca › 1858–1941
Benedetto Croce influencé par
influencé par ✓
For Gramsci the philosophy of praxis had to do to Croce what Marx had done to Hegel, recasting Croce’s ethico-political history as a theory of hegemony (Notebook 10). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 10 (1932–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); letter to T. Schucht (1932)
a critiqué
Gramsci called for an ‘Anti-Croce’: Croce’s ethico-political history is speculative and leaves out force and struggle, his Storia d’Europa (1932) starting only after 1815 (Notebook 10). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Q. 10, part I (1932–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Benedetto Croce › 1866–1952
Giovanni Gentile
a critiqué
Gramsci criticised Gentile’s actual idealism as a speculative philosophy of the state and his 1923 school reform as deepening class divisions in education (Prison Notebooks, Q. 11–12). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Q. 11 and Q. 12 (1932–33), ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Giovanni Gentile › 1875–1944
Œuvres
Hégémonie, société civile et « Prince moderne » – écrits en prison en 1929–35, publiés en 1948–51.
Position
Gramsci se demandait pourquoi la révolution avait réussi en Russie mais échoué en Occident. Sa réponse : dans les sociétés développées, le pouvoir repose non seulement sur la contrainte, mais sur l’hégémonie – la direction culturelle et morale par laquelle les groupes dominants obtiennent le consentement des gouvernés. Cette hégémonie est produite dans la société civile : dans les écoles, les Églises, les médias et le sens commun. Changer la société exige donc une longue « guerre de position » pour les idées, portée par des intellectuels organiques enracinés dans les classes qu’ils représentent. Gramsci donna ainsi à la culture une place centrale dans la théorie marxiste et influença les études culturelles, la théorie postcoloniale et la stratégie politique, tous bords confondus.
Vie et contexte
Gramsci grandit pauvre en Sardaigne, étudia à Turin et s’y engagea dans le mouvement des conseils d’usine. Il cofonda le Parti communiste italien en 1921 et en devint le dirigeant. Arrêté par le régime fasciste en 1926, il passa le reste de sa vie en prison, où, malgré une grave maladie, il remplit une trentaine de cahiers. Il mourut en 1937, peu après sa libération.
Autres œuvres principales
- Articles dans L’Ordine Nuovo (1919–1920)
- Lettres de prison (1926–1937)
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