Antonio Gramsci
Klasy panujące utrzymują się przy władzy nie głównie siłą, lecz zdobywając zgodę przez kulturę, więc każda rewolucja musi najpierw wygrać bitwę idei.
Umiejscowienie
Hegemonia kulturowa: panowanie opiera się także na zgodzie, a nie tylko na przymusie.
Kluczowe idee
- Hegemonia
- Intelektualiści organiczni
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 4
Niccolò Machiavelli
pod wpływem ✓
Gramsci read The Prince as a ‘living book’ that personifies a collective will and called the political party the ‘modern Prince’ (Notebook 13, 1932–34). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 13 (1932–34), “Noterelle sulla politica del Machiavelli”, ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
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Niccolò Machiavelli › 1469–1527
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
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Norberto Bobbio argued (1967) that Gramsci’s concept of civil society, placed in the superstructure, derives from Hegel rather than Marx; the reading is debated. N. Bobbio, “Gramsci e la concezione della società civile” (1967), in Gramsci e la cultura contemporanea (1969); J. Texier, “Gramsci, théoricien des superstructures” (1968)
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831
Karol Marks
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Gramsci read Marx’s 1859 Preface, by which people become conscious of social conflicts in ideological forms, as a basis for his theory of hegemony (prison notebooks, 1929–35). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); K. Marx, Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, Vorwort (1859)
Karol Marks › 1818–1883
Antonio Labriola
pod wpływem ✓
Gramsci took up Labriola’s term ‘philosophy of praxis’ and his view that Marxism is a self-sufficient philosophy, independent of materialism and idealism (prison notebooks, 1929–35). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 11 (1932–33), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); A. Labriola, Discorrendo di socialismo e filosofia (1898)
Antonio Labriola › 1843–1904
Wpływ na 10
Norberto Bobbio
wpływ na
Bobbio argued that Gramsci, unlike Marx, placed civil society in the superstructure, making hegemony a matter of consent (‘Gramsci e la concezione della società civile’, 1967). N. Bobbio, “Gramsci e la concezione della società civile” (1967), in Gramsci e la cultura contemporanea (1969); A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35)
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Norberto Bobbio › 1909–2004
Louis Althusser
wpływ na ✓
In ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’ (1970) Althusser credited Gramsci with seeing that the state includes institutions of civil society, though Reading Capital (1965) rejected his historicism. L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État”, La Pensée (1970); Lire le Capital (1965), “Le marxisme n’est pas un historicisme”
Louis Althusser › 1918–1990
Raymond Williams
wpływ na
In Marxism and Literature (1977) Williams took up Gramsci’s distinction between rule and hegemony, describing hegemony as a lived system of meanings and values. R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (1977), “Hegemony”; A. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (tr. 1971)
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Raymond Williams › 1921–1988
Stuart Hall
wpływ na
Hall used Gramsci’s hegemony to read Thatcherism, an ‘authoritarian populism’, as a struggle for consent, and stressed his relevance to race and ethnicity (1986, 1988). S. Hall, “Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity”, Journal of Communication Inquiry 10 (1986); The Hard Road to Renewal (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
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Stuart Hall › 1932–2014
Edward Said
wpływ na
Said explained Orientalism’s durability with Gramsci’s hegemony and took from the Prison Notebooks the task of an ‘inventory’ of history’s traces in oneself (Orientalism, 1978). E. W. Said, Orientalism (1978), introduction; A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
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Edward Said › 1935–2003
Nicos Poulantzas
wpływ na ✓
Poulantzas took up Gramsci’s hegemony to describe how one fraction leads the ‘power bloc’ of dominant classes and secures consent (Political Power and Social Classes, 1968). N. Poulantzas, Pouvoir politique et classes sociales (1968); B. Jessop, Nicos Poulantzas (1985)
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Nicos Poulantzas › 1936–1979
Pokaż wszystko (10)Pokaż mniej
Zygmunt Bauman
wpływ na
Bauman called Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks a major influence; Keith Tester traces to them his view of reality as praxis that can be otherwise (Culture as Praxis, 1973). Z. Bauman, Culture as Praxis (1973); K. Tester, “Paths in Zygmunt Bauman’s Social Thought”, Thesis Eleven 70 (2002); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
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Zygmunt Bauman › 1925–2017
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
wpływ na
Spivak took Gramsci’s term ‘subaltern’, via Subaltern Studies, and asked whether those excluded from hegemonic representation can be heard (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography” (1985), in In Other Worlds (1987); “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
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Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak › ur. 1942
Raewyn Connell
wpływ na
Connell adapted Gramsci’s hegemony to gender: hegemonic masculinity is the culturally exalted form that legitimates men’s dominance over women and subordinates other masculinities (Gender and Power, 1987). R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (1987); Masculinities (1995); R. W. Connell and J. W. Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept”, Gender & Society 19 (2005); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
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Raewyn Connell › ur. 1944
Dipesh Chakrabarty
wpływ na
As a member of the Subaltern Studies collective, named after Gramsci’s ‘subaltern classes’, Chakrabarty studied the limits of class solidarity among Bengal’s jute workers (Rethinking Working-Class History, 1989). D. Chakrabarty, Rethinking Working-Class History: Bengal 1890–1940 (1989); R. Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies I (1982), preface; A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35)
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Dipesh Chakrabarty › ur. 1948
Krytyka
Krytykuje 3
Gaetano Mosca
krytykuje
Gramsci reinterpreted Mosca’s ‘political class’ as ‘the intellectual category of the dominant social group’, tying elite rule back to class and hegemony (Prison Notebooks). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975), esp. Q. 13; A. Bianchi, “Classe política e crise da democracia na crítica de Antonio Gramsci”, Tempo Social 31/2 (2019)
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Gaetano Mosca › 1858–1941
Benedetto Croce pod wpływem
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For Gramsci the philosophy of praxis had to do to Croce what Marx had done to Hegel, recasting Croce’s ethico-political history as a theory of hegemony (Notebook 10). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 10 (1932–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); letter to T. Schucht (1932)
krytykuje
Gramsci called for an ‘Anti-Croce’: Croce’s ethico-political history is speculative and leaves out force and struggle, his Storia d’Europa (1932) starting only after 1815 (Notebook 10). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Q. 10, part I (1932–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
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Benedetto Croce › 1866–1952
Giovanni Gentile
krytykuje
Gramsci criticised Gentile’s actual idealism as a speculative philosophy of the state and his 1923 school reform as deepening class divisions in education (Prison Notebooks, Q. 11–12). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Q. 11 and Q. 12 (1932–33), ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
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Giovanni Gentile › 1875–1944
Dzieła
Hegemonia, społeczeństwo obywatelskie i „Książę nowoczesny” – pisane w więzieniu w latach 1929–35, opublikowane w latach 1948–51.
Stanowisko
Gramsci asked why the revolution succeeded in Russia but failed in the West. His answer: in developed societies power rests not only on coercion but on hegemony – the cultural and moral leadership through which ruling groups win the consent of the governed. This hegemony is produced in civil society: in schools, churches, media and common sense. Changing society therefore requires a long “war of position” for ideas, carried by organic intellectuals rooted in the classes they represent. Gramsci thus gave culture a central place in Marxist theory and influenced cultural studies, postcolonial theory and political strategy across the spectrum.
Życie i kontekst
Gramsci grew up poor in Sardinia, studied in Turin and became involved in the factory council movement there. He co-founded the Italian Communist Party in 1921 and became its leader. Arrested by the Fascist regime in 1926, he spent the rest of his life in prison, where despite severe illness he filled some thirty notebooks. He died in 1937 shortly after his release.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Articles in L’Ordine Nuovo (1919–1920)
- Prison Notebooks (1929–1935)
- Letters from Prison (1926–1937)
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