安东尼奥·葛兰西
统治阶级保持其统治，主要不是靠武力，而是靠通过文化赢得同意，所以任何革命都必须首先赢得观念之战。
定位
文化霸权：统治不仅依靠强制，也依靠同意。
核心思想
- 霸权
- 有机知识分子
影响
受影响于 4
尼科洛·马基雅维利
受其影响 ✓
Gramsci read The Prince as a ‘living book’ that personifies a collective will and called the political party the ‘modern Prince’ (Notebook 13, 1932–34). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 13 (1932–34), “Noterelle sulla politica del Machiavelli”, ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
尼科洛·马基雅维利 › 1469–1527
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
受其影响 ✓
Norberto Bobbio argued (1967) that Gramsci’s concept of civil society, placed in the superstructure, derives from Hegel rather than Marx; the reading is debated. N. Bobbio, “Gramsci e la concezione della società civile” (1967), in Gramsci e la cultura contemporanea (1969); J. Texier, “Gramsci, théoricien des superstructures” (1968)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
卡尔·马克思
受其影响 ✓
Gramsci read Marx’s 1859 Preface, by which people become conscious of social conflicts in ideological forms, as a basis for his theory of hegemony (prison notebooks, 1929–35). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); K. Marx, Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, Vorwort (1859)
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
安东尼奥·拉布里奥拉
受其影响 ✓
Gramsci took up Labriola’s term ‘philosophy of praxis’ and his view that Marxism is a self-sufficient philosophy, independent of materialism and idealism (prison notebooks, 1929–35). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 11 (1932–33), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); A. Labriola, Discorrendo di socialismo e filosofia (1898)
安东尼奥·拉布里奥拉 › 1843–1904
影响了 10
诺伯托·博比奥
影响了
Bobbio argued that Gramsci, unlike Marx, placed civil society in the superstructure, making hegemony a matter of consent (‘Gramsci e la concezione della società civile’, 1967). N. Bobbio, “Gramsci e la concezione della società civile” (1967), in Gramsci e la cultura contemporanea (1969); A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35)
依据: AI 草稿
诺伯托·博比奥 › 1909–2004
路易·阿尔都塞
影响了 ✓
In ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’ (1970) Althusser credited Gramsci with seeing that the state includes institutions of civil society, though Reading Capital (1965) rejected his historicism. L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État”, La Pensée (1970); Lire le Capital (1965), “Le marxisme n’est pas un historicisme”
路易·阿尔都塞 › 1918–1990
雷蒙·威廉斯
影响了
In Marxism and Literature (1977) Williams took up Gramsci’s distinction between rule and hegemony, describing hegemony as a lived system of meanings and values. R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (1977), “Hegemony”; A. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (tr. 1971)
依据: AI 草稿
雷蒙·威廉斯 › 1921–1988
斯图尔特·霍尔
影响了
Hall used Gramsci’s hegemony to read Thatcherism, an ‘authoritarian populism’, as a struggle for consent, and stressed his relevance to race and ethnicity (1986, 1988). S. Hall, “Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity”, Journal of Communication Inquiry 10 (1986); The Hard Road to Renewal (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
依据: AI 草稿
斯图尔特·霍尔 › 1932–2014
爱德华·萨义德
影响了
Said explained Orientalism’s durability with Gramsci’s hegemony and took from the Prison Notebooks the task of an ‘inventory’ of history’s traces in oneself (Orientalism, 1978). E. W. Said, Orientalism (1978), introduction; A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
依据: AI 草稿
爱德华·萨义德 › 1935–2003
尼科斯·普兰查斯
影响了 ✓
Poulantzas took up Gramsci’s hegemony to describe how one fraction leads the ‘power bloc’ of dominant classes and secures consent (Political Power and Social Classes, 1968). N. Poulantzas, Pouvoir politique et classes sociales (1968); B. Jessop, Nicos Poulantzas (1985)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
尼科斯·普兰查斯 › 1936–1979
显示全部 (10)收起
齐格蒙特·鲍曼
影响了
Bauman called Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks a major influence; Keith Tester traces to them his view of reality as praxis that can be otherwise (Culture as Praxis, 1973). Z. Bauman, Culture as Praxis (1973); K. Tester, “Paths in Zygmunt Bauman’s Social Thought”, Thesis Eleven 70 (2002); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
依据: AI 草稿
齐格蒙特·鲍曼 › 1925–2017
加亚特里·查克拉沃蒂·斯皮瓦克
影响了
Spivak took Gramsci’s term ‘subaltern’, via Subaltern Studies, and asked whether those excluded from hegemonic representation can be heard (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography” (1985), in In Other Worlds (1987); “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
依据: AI 草稿
加亚特里·查克拉沃蒂·斯皮瓦克 › 1942年生
雷温·康奈尔
影响了
Connell adapted Gramsci’s hegemony to gender: hegemonic masculinity is the culturally exalted form that legitimates men’s dominance over women and subordinates other masculinities (Gender and Power, 1987). R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (1987); Masculinities (1995); R. W. Connell and J. W. Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept”, Gender & Society 19 (2005); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
依据: AI 草稿
雷温·康奈尔 › 1944年生
迪佩什·查克拉巴蒂
影响了
As a member of the Subaltern Studies collective, named after Gramsci’s ‘subaltern classes’, Chakrabarty studied the limits of class solidarity among Bengal’s jute workers (Rethinking Working-Class History, 1989). D. Chakrabarty, Rethinking Working-Class History: Bengal 1890–1940 (1989); R. Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies I (1982), preface; A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35)
依据: AI 草稿
迪佩什·查克拉巴蒂 › 1948年生
批评
批评了 3
加埃塔诺·莫斯卡
批评了
Gramsci reinterpreted Mosca’s ‘political class’ as ‘the intellectual category of the dominant social group’, tying elite rule back to class and hegemony (Prison Notebooks). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975), esp. Q. 13; A. Bianchi, “Classe política e crise da democracia na crítica de Antonio Gramsci”, Tempo Social 31/2 (2019)
依据: AI 草稿
加埃塔诺·莫斯卡 › 1858–1941
贝内德托·克罗齐 受其影响
受其影响 ✓
For Gramsci the philosophy of praxis had to do to Croce what Marx had done to Hegel, recasting Croce’s ethico-political history as a theory of hegemony (Notebook 10). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 10 (1932–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); letter to T. Schucht (1932)
批评了
Gramsci called for an ‘Anti-Croce’: Croce’s ethico-political history is speculative and leaves out force and struggle, his Storia d’Europa (1932) starting only after 1815 (Notebook 10). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Q. 10, part I (1932–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
依据: AI 草稿
贝内德托·克罗齐 › 1866–1952
乔瓦尼·秦梯利
批评了
Gramsci criticised Gentile’s actual idealism as a speculative philosophy of the state and his 1923 school reform as deepening class divisions in education (Prison Notebooks, Q. 11–12). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Q. 11 and Q. 12 (1932–33), ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
依据: AI 草稿
乔瓦尼·秦梯利 › 1875–1944
作品
- 1935狱中札记
霸权、市民社会与“现代君主”——1929—35年在狱中写成，1948—51年出版。
立场
Gramsci asked why the revolution succeeded in Russia but failed in the West. His answer: in developed societies power rests not only on coercion but on hegemony – the cultural and moral leadership through which ruling groups win the consent of the governed. This hegemony is produced in civil society: in schools, churches, media and common sense. Changing society therefore requires a long “war of position” for ideas, carried by organic intellectuals rooted in the classes they represent. Gramsci thus gave culture a central place in Marxist theory and influenced cultural studies, postcolonial theory and political strategy across the spectrum.
生平与背景
Gramsci grew up poor in Sardinia, studied in Turin and became involved in the factory council movement there. He co-founded the Italian Communist Party in 1921 and became its leader. Arrested by the Fascist regime in 1926, he spent the rest of his life in prison, where despite severe illness he filled some thirty notebooks. He died in 1937 shortly after his release.
其他主要作品
- Articles in L’Ordine Nuovo (1919–1920)
- Prison Notebooks (1929–1935)
- Letters from Prison (1926–1937)
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