أنطونيو غرامشي
لا تبقى الطبقات الحاكمة في السلطة بالقوة أساسًا بل بكسب الرضا عبر الثقافة، ولذلك يجب على أي ثورة أن تربح معركة الأفكار أولًا.
التموضع
الهيمنة الثقافية: تقوم السيطرة على الرضا أيضًا، لا على الإكراه وحده.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الهيمنة
- المثقفون العضويون
التأثير
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نيكولو مكيافيلي
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Gramsci read The Prince as a ‘living book’ that personifies a collective will and called the political party the ‘modern Prince’ (Notebook 13, 1932–34). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 13 (1932–34), “Noterelle sulla politica del Machiavelli”, ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
نيكولو مكيافيلي › 1469–1527
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل
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Norberto Bobbio argued (1967) that Gramsci’s concept of civil society, placed in the superstructure, derives from Hegel rather than Marx; the reading is debated. N. Bobbio, “Gramsci e la concezione della società civile” (1967), in Gramsci e la cultura contemporanea (1969); J. Texier, “Gramsci, théoricien des superstructures” (1968)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل › 1770–1831
كارل ماركس
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Gramsci read Marx’s 1859 Preface, by which people become conscious of social conflicts in ideological forms, as a basis for his theory of hegemony (prison notebooks, 1929–35). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); K. Marx, Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, Vorwort (1859)
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
أنطونيو لابريولا
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Gramsci took up Labriola’s term ‘philosophy of praxis’ and his view that Marxism is a self-sufficient philosophy, independent of materialism and idealism (prison notebooks, 1929–35). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 11 (1932–33), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); A. Labriola, Discorrendo di socialismo e filosofia (1898)
أنطونيو لابريولا › 1843–1904
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نوربرتو بوبيو
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Bobbio argued that Gramsci, unlike Marx, placed civil society in the superstructure, making hegemony a matter of consent (‘Gramsci e la concezione della società civile’, 1967). N. Bobbio, “Gramsci e la concezione della società civile” (1967), in Gramsci e la cultura contemporanea (1969); A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
نوربرتو بوبيو › 1909–2004
لوي ألتوسير
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In ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’ (1970) Althusser credited Gramsci with seeing that the state includes institutions of civil society, though Reading Capital (1965) rejected his historicism. L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État”, La Pensée (1970); Lire le Capital (1965), “Le marxisme n’est pas un historicisme”
لوي ألتوسير › 1918–1990
ريموند وليامز
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In Marxism and Literature (1977) Williams took up Gramsci’s distinction between rule and hegemony, describing hegemony as a lived system of meanings and values. R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (1977), “Hegemony”; A. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (tr. 1971)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ريموند وليامز › 1921–1988
ستيوارت هال
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Hall used Gramsci’s hegemony to read Thatcherism, an ‘authoritarian populism’, as a struggle for consent, and stressed his relevance to race and ethnicity (1986, 1988). S. Hall, “Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity”, Journal of Communication Inquiry 10 (1986); The Hard Road to Renewal (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ستيوارت هال › 1932–2014
إدوارد سعيد
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Said explained Orientalism’s durability with Gramsci’s hegemony and took from the Prison Notebooks the task of an ‘inventory’ of history’s traces in oneself (Orientalism, 1978). E. W. Said, Orientalism (1978), introduction; A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إدوارد سعيد › 1935–2003
نيكوس بولانتزاس
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Poulantzas took up Gramsci’s hegemony to describe how one fraction leads the ‘power bloc’ of dominant classes and secures consent (Political Power and Social Classes, 1968). N. Poulantzas, Pouvoir politique et classes sociales (1968); B. Jessop, Nicos Poulantzas (1985)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
نيكوس بولانتزاس › 1936–1979
عرض الكل (10)عرض أقل
زيجمونت بومان
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Bauman called Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks a major influence; Keith Tester traces to them his view of reality as praxis that can be otherwise (Culture as Praxis, 1973). Z. Bauman, Culture as Praxis (1973); K. Tester, “Paths in Zygmunt Bauman’s Social Thought”, Thesis Eleven 70 (2002); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
زيجمونت بومان › 1925–2017
غاياتري شاكرافورتي سبيفاك
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Spivak took Gramsci’s term ‘subaltern’, via Subaltern Studies, and asked whether those excluded from hegemonic representation can be heard (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography” (1985), in In Other Worlds (1987); “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
غاياتري شاكرافورتي سبيفاك › وُلد 1942
ريوين كونيل
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Connell adapted Gramsci’s hegemony to gender: hegemonic masculinity is the culturally exalted form that legitimates men’s dominance over women and subordinates other masculinities (Gender and Power, 1987). R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (1987); Masculinities (1995); R. W. Connell and J. W. Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept”, Gender & Society 19 (2005); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ريوين كونيل › وُلد 1944
ديبيش تشاكرابارتي
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As a member of the Subaltern Studies collective, named after Gramsci’s ‘subaltern classes’, Chakrabarty studied the limits of class solidarity among Bengal’s jute workers (Rethinking Working-Class History, 1989). D. Chakrabarty, Rethinking Working-Class History: Bengal 1890–1940 (1989); R. Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies I (1982), preface; A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ديبيش تشاكرابارتي › وُلد 1948
النقد
ينتقد 3
جايتانو موسكا
انتقد
Gramsci reinterpreted Mosca’s ‘political class’ as ‘the intellectual category of the dominant social group’, tying elite rule back to class and hegemony (Prison Notebooks). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975), esp. Q. 13; A. Bianchi, “Classe política e crise da democracia na crítica de Antonio Gramsci”, Tempo Social 31/2 (2019)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جايتانو موسكا › 1858–1941
بينيدتو كروتشه تأثّر بـ
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For Gramsci the philosophy of praxis had to do to Croce what Marx had done to Hegel, recasting Croce’s ethico-political history as a theory of hegemony (Notebook 10). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 10 (1932–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); letter to T. Schucht (1932)
انتقد
Gramsci called for an ‘Anti-Croce’: Croce’s ethico-political history is speculative and leaves out force and struggle, his Storia d’Europa (1932) starting only after 1815 (Notebook 10). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Q. 10, part I (1932–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بينيدتو كروتشه › 1866–1952
جيوفاني جنتيلي
انتقد
Gramsci criticised Gentile’s actual idealism as a speculative philosophy of the state and his 1923 school reform as deepening class divisions in education (Prison Notebooks, Q. 11–12). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Q. 11 and Q. 12 (1932–33), ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جيوفاني جنتيلي › 1875–1944
الأعمال
- 1935دفاتر السجن
الهيمنة والمجتمع المدني و«الأمير الحديث» – كُتبت في السجن بين 1929 و1935 ونُشرت بين 1948 و1951.
الموقف
Gramsci asked why the revolution succeeded in Russia but failed in the West. His answer: in developed societies power rests not only on coercion but on hegemony – the cultural and moral leadership through which ruling groups win the consent of the governed. This hegemony is produced in civil society: in schools, churches, media and common sense. Changing society therefore requires a long “war of position” for ideas, carried by organic intellectuals rooted in the classes they represent. Gramsci thus gave culture a central place in Marxist theory and influenced cultural studies, postcolonial theory and political strategy across the spectrum.
الحياة والسياق
Gramsci grew up poor in Sardinia, studied in Turin and became involved in the factory council movement there. He co-founded the Italian Communist Party in 1921 and became its leader. Arrested by the Fascist regime in 1926, he spent the rest of his life in prison, where despite severe illness he filled some thirty notebooks. He died in 1937 shortly after his release.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Articles in L’Ordine Nuovo (1919–1920)
- Prison Notebooks (1929–1935)
- Letters from Prison (1926–1937)
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