एपिक्टेटस
कुछ चीज़ें हमारे वश में हैं, जैसे हमारे निर्णय और इच्छाएँ, और कुछ नहीं – केवल पहली पर ध्यान दें, और आप स्वतंत्र होंगे।
पृष्ठभूमि
पूर्व दास: जो आपके वश में है और जो नहीं है, उनमें भेद कीजिए।
मुख्य विचार
- नियंत्रण का द्वैत
- आंतरिक स्वतंत्रता
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
सुकरात
जिनसे प्रभावित
Epictetus held up Socrates as the model of a life guided by reason, urging pupils to live as one who wishes to be a Socrates (Encheiridion 51). Epictetus, Encheiridion 51; Discourses I.9, IV.1; A. A. Long, Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life (2002)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
सुकरात › 470–399 ईसा पूर्व
दियोगेनेस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Epictetus held up Diogenes as a model of freedom and of the true Cynic, a messenger sent by Zeus, in his discourse on the Cynic calling (Discourses III.22). Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus III.22, IV.1; SEP “Epictetus”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
दियोगेनेस › लगभग 412–323 ईसा पूर्व
क्रिसिप्पस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Epictetus treated Chrysippus as the authoritative Stoic teacher but insisted that progress lies in living by his doctrine, not in expounding his books (Discourses I.4, I.17). Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus I.4, I.17; SEP “Epictetus”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
क्रिसिप्पस › लगभग 279–206 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 3
मार्कस ऑरेलियस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Marcus Aurelius thanked Junius Rusticus for giving him Epictetus’ discourses and took up his distinction between what is and is not up to us (Meditations I.7). Marcus Aurelius, Meditations I.7, IV.41; P. Hadot, La citadelle intérieure (1992); SEP “Marcus Aurelius”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
मार्कस ऑरेलियस › 121–180
ब्लेज़ पास्काल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In the Conversation with M. de Sacy (1655) Pascal praised Epictetus for knowing human duty and greatness, but held that, ignoring human weakness, he led to pride. B. Pascal, Entretien avec M. de Sacy sur Épictète et Montaigne (1655); SEP “Blaise Pascal”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
ब्लेज़ पास्काल › 1623–1662
शैफ़्ट्सबरी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In his private notebooks, the Askêmata (1698–1704), Shaftesbury trained himself by the Stoic exercises Epictetus describes, citing him constantly. Shaftesbury, Askêmata, ed. B. Rand as Philosophical Regimen (1900); Standard Edition II.6, ed. W. Benda et al. (2011); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
शैफ़्ट्सबरी › 1671–1713
कृतियाँ
- लगभग 125एन्केइरिडियन (पुस्तिका)
उनके शिष्य आरियन द्वारा उनकी शिक्षा से संकलित: कुछ चीज़ें हमारे वश में हैं और कुछ नहीं।
मत
At the heart of Epictetus’ teaching is a single distinction: some things are up to us – our judgements, desires and choices – and others are not, such as our body, property, reputation and the actions of others. People are disturbed not by things but by their judgements about things. Freedom and peace of mind come from attending only to what is in our power and accepting everything else as part of the natural order. His pupil Arrian recorded his lectures in the Discourses and the short Handbook. Marcus Aurelius drew directly on him, and modern cognitive behavioural therapy names him as a forerunner.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Epictetus was born a slave in Hierapolis in Phrygia and lived in Rome as the property of Epaphroditus, a freedman in Nero’s service; there he studied with the Stoic Musonius Rufus. After gaining his freedom he taught in Rome until Domitian expelled the philosophers around 93 CE, then founded a school in Nicopolis in western Greece. He wrote nothing himself.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Discourses (recorded by Arrian, c. 108 CE)
- Handbook (Enchiridion, c. 125 CE)
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