苏格拉底
承认自己不知道什么是智慧的开端，而不断追问是弄清如何好好生活的方式。
定位
没有留下著作；他以发问的对话方法使伦理学成为哲学的中心。
核心思想
- 自知其无知（苏格拉底式无知）
- 助产术
- 美德即知识
学生: 安提斯泰尼, 昔兰尼的阿里斯提普斯, 柏拉图
影响
影响了 13
亚里士多德
影响了 ✓
Aristotle credited Socrates with inductive arguments and universal definition, the starting point of the theory of Forms, but rejected his denial of weakness of will (Metaphysics; Nicomachean Ethics). Aristotle, Metaphysics XIII.4, 1078b27–30; I.6, 987b1–6; Nicomachean Ethics VII.2, 1145b21–27
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
爱比克泰德
索伦·克尔凯郭尔
影响了
Kierkegaard modelled his indirect communication and pseudonymous authorship on Socratic midwifery, and in Philosophical Fragments (1844) set Socrates the teacher against Christ. S. Kierkegaard (Johannes Climacus), Philosophiske Smuler (1844); SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
索伦·克尔凯郭尔 › 1813–1855
卡尔·波普尔
影响了 ✓
Popper took Socrates’ awareness of his ignorance and his critical questioning as the model of critical rationalism, set against Plato’s ‘spell’ (The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1945). K. R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, vol. I: The Spell of Plato (1945); SEP “Karl Popper”
卡尔·波普尔 › 1902–1994
显示全部 (13)收起
安提斯泰尼 教过
教过 ✓
Attested by contemporaries: Xenophon shows Antisthenes as a constant companion of Socrates (Memorabilia 3.11.17; Symposium), and Plato names him among those present at his death (Phaedo 59b). Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.11.17; Symposium 4.34–44, 8.4–6; Plato, Phaedo 59b
安提斯泰尼 › 约公元前445—前365年年
昔兰尼的阿里斯提普斯 教过
教过 ✓
Attested by Xenophon, who records his conversations with Socrates (Memorabilia 2.1, 3.8); Plato notes that he was absent on the day of Socrates’ death (Phaedo 59c). Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.1, 3.8; Plato, Phaedo 59c
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
昔兰尼的阿里斯提普斯 › 约公元前435—前356年年
锡诺普的第欧根尼
影响了
Diogenes took up the Socratic view that virtue suffices for happiness and lived it against all convention; Plato reportedly called him ‘a Socrates gone mad’ (Diogenes Laertius VI.54). Diogenes Laertius VI.11, VI.54; IEP “Diogenes of Sinope”
依据: AI 草稿
锡诺普的第欧根尼 › 约公元前412—前323年年
阿尔凯西劳斯
影响了
Arcesilaus appealed to Socrates’ avowal of knowing nothing and radicalised it: not even this can be known, so he withheld assent on everything (Cicero, Academica I.45). Cicero, Academica I.44–45; SEP “Arcesilaus”
依据: AI 草稿
阿尔凯西劳斯 › 约公元前316—前241年年
米歇尔·德·蒙田
影响了
Montaigne made Socrates his model of a wise life lived naturally and of a calm death, in the late essays ‘Of Physiognomy’ and ‘Of Experience’ (Essays III.12–13). M. de Montaigne, Essais III.12, III.13 (1588/95); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
依据: AI 草稿
米歇尔·德·蒙田 › 1533–1592
马丁·路德·金
影响了
King cited Socrates as a model of creative ‘tension in the mind’ and of civil disobedience, to which academic freedom owes its existence (Letter from Birmingham Jail, 1963). M. L. King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (1963), in Why We Can’t Wait (1964)
依据: AI 草稿
马丁·路德·金 › 1929–1968
索菲·奥卢沃莱
影响了
Oluwole compared Socrates, who wrote nothing, with Orunmila, the sage of the Ifá tradition, presenting both as founders of classical philosophy (Socrates and Orunmila, 2015). S. B. Oluwole, Socrates and Orunmila: Two Patron Saints of Classical Philosophy (2015)
依据: AI 草稿
索菲·奥卢沃莱 › 1935–2018
批评
受批评于 1
弗里德里希·尼采
受其批评
Nietzsche saw in Socrates the ‘theoretical man’ whose faith in reason killed tragedy (Birth of Tragedy, 1872), and later a symptom of decadence (Twilight of the Idols). F. Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragödie (1872), §§12–15; Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), “Das Problem des Sokrates”
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900
批评了 1
普罗泰戈拉
批评了
In Plato’s Protagoras, Socrates questions Protagoras’ claim to teach civic virtue and presses him on the unity of the virtues. Plato, Protagoras 319a–320c, 329c–334c, 349a–360e
依据: AI 草稿
普罗泰戈拉 › 约公元前490—前420年年
立场
Socrates turned philosophy from nature to the question of how one should live. His method, the elenchus, examined people who claimed to know what courage, piety or justice is, and showed through questioning that their definitions contradicted themselves. His own wisdom, he said, lay in knowing that he did not know. He held that virtue is a kind of knowledge, that no one does wrong willingly and that it is better to suffer injustice than to commit it; “the unexamined life is not worth living”. Known to us through Plato, Xenophon and Aristophanes, he became the model of the philosopher and the starting point for almost every later school.
生平与背景
Socrates spent his life in Athens, the son of a stonemason and a midwife, and served as a hoplite in the Peloponnesian War. Instead of writing, he questioned his fellow citizens in the streets and in the agora. In 399 BCE he was charged with impiety and with corrupting the youth, condemned by a citizen jury and executed with hemlock.
出现在
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