سقراط
الاعتراف بما لا تعرفه بداية الحكمة، والأسئلة الملحّة هي سبيل معرفة كيف يعيش المرء عيشًا طيبًا.
التموضع
لم يترك كتابات؛ وبمنهجه القائم على الحوار بالأسئلة جعل الأخلاق محور الفلسفة.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الوعي بجهل المرء بنفسه (الجهل السقراطي)
- التوليد (المايوتيك)
- الفضيلة معرفة
التلاميذ: أنتيسثينيس, أريستبوس, أفلاطون
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 1
أناكساغوراس
تأثّر بـ ✓
In Plato’s Phaedo Socrates recalls being excited by Anaxagoras’ claim that mind orders all things, then disappointed that he explained nothing by what is best (97b–99d). Plato, Phaedo 97b–99d; SEP “Anaxagoras”
أناكساغوراس › نحو 500–428 ق.م
أثّر في 13
أفلاطون علّم
علّم ✓
Attested by Plato himself (Apology 34a, 38b; Phaedo 59b) and by Xenophon (Memorabilia 3.6.1); Socrates himself denied being anyone’s teacher (Apology 33a). Plato, Apology 33a, 34a, 38b; Phaedo 59b; Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.6.1
أفلاطون › 428–348 ق.م
أرسطو
أثّر في ✓
Aristotle credited Socrates with inductive arguments and universal definition, the starting point of the theory of Forms, but rejected his denial of weakness of will (Metaphysics; Nicomachean Ethics). Aristotle, Metaphysics XIII.4, 1078b27–30; I.6, 987b1–6; Nicomachean Ethics VII.2, 1145b21–27
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
زينون الرواقي
أثّر في ✓
Zeno is said to have turned to philosophy after reading Xenophon’s Memorabilia II in an Athens bookshop; Stoic ethics took up Socrates’ view that virtue is knowledge. Diogenes Laertius VII.2–3; SEP “Stoicism”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
زينون الرواقي › نحو 334–262 ق.م
إبكتيتوس
أثّر في
Epictetus held up Socrates as the model of a life guided by reason, urging pupils to live as one who wishes to be a Socrates (Encheiridion 51). Epictetus, Encheiridion 51; Discourses I.9, IV.1; A. A. Long, Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life (2002)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
إبكتيتوس › نحو 50–135
سورين كيركغور
أثّر في
Kierkegaard modelled his indirect communication and pseudonymous authorship on Socratic midwifery, and in Philosophical Fragments (1844) set Socrates the teacher against Christ. S. Kierkegaard (Johannes Climacus), Philosophiske Smuler (1844); SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
سورين كيركغور › 1813–1855
كارل بوبر
أثّر في ✓
Popper took Socrates’ awareness of his ignorance and his critical questioning as the model of critical rationalism, set against Plato’s ‘spell’ (The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1945). K. R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, vol. I: The Spell of Plato (1945); SEP “Karl Popper”
كارل بوبر › 1902–1994
عرض الكل (13)عرض أقل
أنتيسثينيس علّم
علّم ✓
Attested by contemporaries: Xenophon shows Antisthenes as a constant companion of Socrates (Memorabilia 3.11.17; Symposium), and Plato names him among those present at his death (Phaedo 59b). Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.11.17; Symposium 4.34–44, 8.4–6; Plato, Phaedo 59b
أنتيسثينيس › نحو 445–365 ق.م
أريستبوس علّم
علّم ✓
Attested by Xenophon, who records his conversations with Socrates (Memorabilia 2.1, 3.8); Plato notes that he was absent on the day of Socrates’ death (Phaedo 59c). Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.1, 3.8; Plato, Phaedo 59c
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
أريستبوس › نحو 435–356 ق.م
ديوجانس الكلبي
أثّر في
Diogenes took up the Socratic view that virtue suffices for happiness and lived it against all convention; Plato reportedly called him ‘a Socrates gone mad’ (Diogenes Laertius VI.54). Diogenes Laertius VI.11, VI.54; IEP “Diogenes of Sinope”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ديوجانس الكلبي › نحو 412–323 ق.م
أركسيلاوس
أثّر في
Arcesilaus appealed to Socrates’ avowal of knowing nothing and radicalised it: not even this can be known, so he withheld assent on everything (Cicero, Academica I.45). Cicero, Academica I.44–45; SEP “Arcesilaus”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أركسيلاوس › نحو 316–241 ق.م
ميشيل دي مونتين
أثّر في
Montaigne made Socrates his model of a wise life lived naturally and of a calm death, in the late essays ‘Of Physiognomy’ and ‘Of Experience’ (Essays III.12–13). M. de Montaigne, Essais III.12, III.13 (1588/95); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ميشيل دي مونتين › 1533–1592
مارتن لوثر كينغ الابن
أثّر في
King cited Socrates as a model of creative ‘tension in the mind’ and of civil disobedience, to which academic freedom owes its existence (Letter from Birmingham Jail, 1963). M. L. King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (1963), in Why We Can’t Wait (1964)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
مارتن لوثر كينغ الابن › 1929–1968
صوفي أولوولي
أثّر في
Oluwole compared Socrates, who wrote nothing, with Orunmila, the sage of the Ifá tradition, presenting both as founders of classical philosophy (Socrates and Orunmila, 2015). S. B. Oluwole, Socrates and Orunmila: Two Patron Saints of Classical Philosophy (2015)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
صوفي أولوولي › 1935–2018
النقد
انتقده 1
فريدريك نيتشه
انتقده
Nietzsche saw in Socrates the ‘theoretical man’ whose faith in reason killed tragedy (Birth of Tragedy, 1872), and later a symptom of decadence (Twilight of the Idols). F. Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragödie (1872), §§12–15; Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), “Das Problem des Sokrates”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فريدريك نيتشه › 1844–1900
ينتقد 1
بروتاغوراس
انتقد
In Plato’s Protagoras, Socrates questions Protagoras’ claim to teach civic virtue and presses him on the unity of the virtues. Plato, Protagoras 319a–320c, 329c–334c, 349a–360e
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بروتاغوراس › نحو 490–420 ق.م
الموقف
Socrates turned philosophy from nature to the question of how one should live. His method, the elenchus, examined people who claimed to know what courage, piety or justice is, and showed through questioning that their definitions contradicted themselves. His own wisdom, he said, lay in knowing that he did not know. He held that virtue is a kind of knowledge, that no one does wrong willingly and that it is better to suffer injustice than to commit it; “the unexamined life is not worth living”. Known to us through Plato, Xenophon and Aristophanes, he became the model of the philosopher and the starting point for almost every later school.
الحياة والسياق
Socrates spent his life in Athens, the son of a stonemason and a midwife, and served as a hoplite in the Peloponnesian War. Instead of writing, he questioned his fellow citizens in the streets and in the agora. In 399 BCE he was charged with impiety and with corrupting the youth, condemned by a citizen jury and executed with hemlock.
يرد في
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بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora