Sokrates
Przyznanie się do tego, czego się nie wie, jest początkiem mądrości, a zadawanie uporczywych pytań to sposób, by dowiedzieć się, jak dobrze żyć.
Umiejscowienie
Nie zostawił pism; jego metoda pytającego dialogu uczyniła etykę centrum filozofii.
Kluczowe idee
- Świadomość własnej niewiedzy (sokratejska niewiedza)
- Maieutyka
- Cnota jest wiedzą
Uczniowie: Antystenes, Arystyp, Platon
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 1
Anaksagoras
pod wpływem ✓
In Plato’s Phaedo Socrates recalls being excited by Anaxagoras’ claim that mind orders all things, then disappointed that he explained nothing by what is best (97b–99d). Plato, Phaedo 97b–99d; SEP “Anaxagoras”
Anaksagoras › ok. 500–428 p.n.e.
Wpływ na 13
Platon uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica ✓
Attested by Plato himself (Apology 34a, 38b; Phaedo 59b) and by Xenophon (Memorabilia 3.6.1); Socrates himself denied being anyone’s teacher (Apology 33a). Plato, Apology 33a, 34a, 38b; Phaedo 59b; Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.6.1
Platon › 428–348 p.n.e.
Arystoteles
wpływ na ✓
Aristotle credited Socrates with inductive arguments and universal definition, the starting point of the theory of Forms, but rejected his denial of weakness of will (Metaphysics; Nicomachean Ethics). Aristotle, Metaphysics XIII.4, 1078b27–30; I.6, 987b1–6; Nicomachean Ethics VII.2, 1145b21–27
Arystoteles › 384–322 p.n.e.
Zenon z Kition
wpływ na ✓
Zeno is said to have turned to philosophy after reading Xenophon’s Memorabilia II in an Athens bookshop; Stoic ethics took up Socrates’ view that virtue is knowledge. Diogenes Laertius VII.2–3; SEP “Stoicism”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Zenon z Kition › ok. 334–262 p.n.e.
Epiktet
wpływ na
Epictetus held up Socrates as the model of a life guided by reason, urging pupils to live as one who wishes to be a Socrates (Encheiridion 51). Epictetus, Encheiridion 51; Discourses I.9, IV.1; A. A. Long, Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life (2002)
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Epiktet › ok. 50–135
Søren Kierkegaard
wpływ na
Kierkegaard modelled his indirect communication and pseudonymous authorship on Socratic midwifery, and in Philosophical Fragments (1844) set Socrates the teacher against Christ. S. Kierkegaard (Johannes Climacus), Philosophiske Smuler (1844); SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Søren Kierkegaard › 1813–1855
Karl Popper
wpływ na ✓
Popper took Socrates’ awareness of his ignorance and his critical questioning as the model of critical rationalism, set against Plato’s ‘spell’ (The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1945). K. R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, vol. I: The Spell of Plato (1945); SEP “Karl Popper”
Karl Popper › 1902–1994
Pokaż wszystko (13)Pokaż mniej
Antystenes uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica ✓
Attested by contemporaries: Xenophon shows Antisthenes as a constant companion of Socrates (Memorabilia 3.11.17; Symposium), and Plato names him among those present at his death (Phaedo 59b). Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.11.17; Symposium 4.34–44, 8.4–6; Plato, Phaedo 59b
Antystenes › ok. 445–365 p.n.e.
Arystyp uczeń/uczennica
Diogenes z Synopy
wpływ na
Diogenes took up the Socratic view that virtue suffices for happiness and lived it against all convention; Plato reportedly called him ‘a Socrates gone mad’ (Diogenes Laertius VI.54). Diogenes Laertius VI.11, VI.54; IEP “Diogenes of Sinope”
Źródło: szkic AI
Diogenes z Synopy › ok. 412–323 p.n.e.
Arkezylaos
wpływ na
Arcesilaus appealed to Socrates’ avowal of knowing nothing and radicalised it: not even this can be known, so he withheld assent on everything (Cicero, Academica I.45). Cicero, Academica I.44–45; SEP “Arcesilaus”
Źródło: szkic AI
Arkezylaos › ok. 316–241 p.n.e.
Michel de Montaigne
wpływ na
Montaigne made Socrates his model of a wise life lived naturally and of a calm death, in the late essays ‘Of Physiognomy’ and ‘Of Experience’ (Essays III.12–13). M. de Montaigne, Essais III.12, III.13 (1588/95); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
Źródło: szkic AI
Michel de Montaigne › 1533–1592
Martin Luther King Jr.
wpływ na
King cited Socrates as a model of creative ‘tension in the mind’ and of civil disobedience, to which academic freedom owes its existence (Letter from Birmingham Jail, 1963). M. L. King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (1963), in Why We Can’t Wait (1964)
Źródło: szkic AI
Martin Luther King Jr. › 1929–1968
Sophie Oluwole
wpływ na
Oluwole compared Socrates, who wrote nothing, with Orunmila, the sage of the Ifá tradition, presenting both as founders of classical philosophy (Socrates and Orunmila, 2015). S. B. Oluwole, Socrates and Orunmila: Two Patron Saints of Classical Philosophy (2015)
Źródło: szkic AI
Sophie Oluwole › 1935–2018
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 1
Friedrich Nietzsche
krytyka ze strony
Nietzsche saw in Socrates the ‘theoretical man’ whose faith in reason killed tragedy (Birth of Tragedy, 1872), and later a symptom of decadence (Twilight of the Idols). F. Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragödie (1872), §§12–15; Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), “Das Problem des Sokrates”
Źródło: szkic AI
Friedrich Nietzsche › 1844–1900
Krytykuje 1
Protagoras
krytykuje
In Plato’s Protagoras, Socrates questions Protagoras’ claim to teach civic virtue and presses him on the unity of the virtues. Plato, Protagoras 319a–320c, 329c–334c, 349a–360e
Źródło: szkic AI
Protagoras › ok. 490–420 p.n.e.
Stanowisko
Socrates turned philosophy from nature to the question of how one should live. His method, the elenchus, examined people who claimed to know what courage, piety or justice is, and showed through questioning that their definitions contradicted themselves. His own wisdom, he said, lay in knowing that he did not know. He held that virtue is a kind of knowledge, that no one does wrong willingly and that it is better to suffer injustice than to commit it; “the unexamined life is not worth living”. Known to us through Plato, Xenophon and Aristophanes, he became the model of the philosopher and the starting point for almost every later school.
Życie i kontekst
Socrates spent his life in Athens, the son of a stonemason and a midwife, and served as a hoplite in the Peloponnesian War. Instead of writing, he questioned his fellow citizens in the streets and in the agora. In 399 BCE he was charged with impiety and with corrupting the youth, condemned by a citizen jury and executed with hemlock.
Pojawia się w
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