जे. एल. ऑस्टिन
बोलना एक प्रकार का करना है: जब हम वचन देते हैं, क्षमा माँगते हैं या जहाज़ का नाम रखते हैं, हमारे शब्द कर्म का वर्णन करने के बजाय उसे संपन्न करते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
वाक्-कर्म सिद्धांत: शब्दों से हम कर्म करते हैं – वचन देते हैं, बपतिस्मा देते हैं, शर्त लगाते हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- वाक्-कर्म
- निष्पादनात्मक कथन
शिष्य: जॉन सर्ल
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Austin, trained as a classicist, read Aristotle closely and examined his concepts of the good and of happiness (‘Agathon and Eudaimonia in the Ethics of Aristotle’, publ. 1967). J. L. Austin, “Agathon and Eudaimonia in the Ethics of Aristotle”, in J. M. E. Moravcsik (ed.), Aristotle: A Collection of Critical Essays (1967); SEP “John Langshaw Austin”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
जी. ई. मूर
जिनसे प्रभावित
Austin made Moore’s reading of ‘could have done otherwise’ as ‘could, if I had chosen’ (Ethics, 1912) the starting point of ‘Ifs and Cans’ (1956). J. L. Austin, “Ifs and Cans”, Proceedings of the British Academy 42 (1956); G. E. Moore, Ethics (1912); SEP “John Langshaw Austin”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जी. ई. मूर › 1873–1958
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 5
एच. पी. ग्राइस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Grice, one of Austin’s ‘Saturday mornings’ group, kept its close attention to ordinary usage but distinguished what is said from what is implicated (William James Lectures, 1967). H. P. Grice, “Logic and Conversation” (William James Lectures 1967; publ. 1975); Studies in the Way of Words (1989), “Prolegomena”; SEP “Paul Grice”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एच. पी. ग्राइस › 1913–1988
युर्गन हाबरमास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Habermas built his universal pragmatics on Austin’s speech-act theory, aligning communicative action with illocutionary and strategic action with perlocutionary effects (‘Was heißt Universalpragmatik?’, 1976). J. Habermas, “Was heißt Universalpragmatik?” (1976); Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962); SEP “Jürgen Habermas”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
युर्गन हाबरमास › 1929–2026
जॉन सर्ल जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
At Oxford, where he studied from 1952 as a Rhodes Scholar, Searle was taught by Austin as well as by Strawson, Berlin and Hampshire; his Speech Acts (1969) developed Austin’s theory, although he said Austin’s attention to linguistic minutiae left him unmoved. J. R. Searle, interview with T. Crane, CRASSH, University of Cambridge (9 June 2014)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन सर्ल › 1932–2025
ईव कोसोफ़्स्की सेजविक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Sedgwick revisited Austin’s performative utterances and their examples of marriage vows, coining the ‘periperformative’ for utterances clustering around them (Touching Feeling, 2003). E. K. Sedgwick, Touching Feeling (2003); A. Parker and E. K. Sedgwick (eds.), Performativity and Performance (1995); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ईव कोसोफ़्स्की सेजविक › 1950–2009
जूडिथ बट्लर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Butler reworked Austin’s performative utterances, read through Derrida’s iterability, into a theory of gender performativity and of injurious speech (Bodies That Matter, 1993; Excitable Speech, 1997). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993); Excitable Speech (1997); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962); SEP “John Langshaw Austin”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जूडिथ बट्लर › जन्म 1956
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
जाक देरिदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In ‘Signature Event Context’ (1971) Derrida objected that Austin excludes ‘non-serious’, cited utterances as parasitic, although iterability belongs to every performative. J. Derrida, “Signature événement contexte” (1971), in Marges de la philosophie (1972); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962), Lecture II; SEP “Jacques Derrida”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाक देरिदा › 1930–2004
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
ए. जे. एयर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Austin attacked the sense-datum theory of Ayer’s Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940), above all the argument from illusion (Sense and Sensibilia, lectures published 1962). J. L. Austin, Sense and Sensibilia, ed. G. J. Warnock (1962); A. J. Ayer, The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940); Ayer’s reply: “Has Austin Refuted the Sense-Datum Theory?”, Synthese 17 (1967)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ए. जे. एयर › 1910–1989
कृतियाँ
निष्पादनात्मक कथन: कहना ही करना है।
इंद्रिय-प्रदत्त सिद्धांत के विरुद्ध।
मत
Austin distrusted grand philosophical theories and preferred patient attention to what we actually say – ordinary language, he thought, stores the distinctions of many generations. His most influential discovery: many utterances do not describe anything but perform an action. Whoever says “I promise” or “I name this ship” under the right circumstances is not reporting but promising or naming. Such performative utterances are not true or false but succeed or fail (“infelicities”). From this Austin developed a general theory of speech acts, distinguishing what is said (locution), what is done in saying it (illocution) and the effects it produces (perlocution). Searle systematised the theory, and it reshaped linguistics, legal theory and, through Derrida and Butler, cultural theory.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Austin was born in Lancaster in 1911 and studied classics at Oxford. During the Second World War he worked in British military intelligence and contributed to the preparations for the Normandy landings. From 1952 White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford, he led the “Saturday mornings” discussion group. He died in 1960, aged only 48; his main works appeared posthumously.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- A Plea for Excuses (1956)
- Philosophical Papers (1961)
- How to Do Things with Words (1962)
- Sense and Sensibilia (1962)
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