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基提翁的芝诺

约公元前334—前262年年

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定位

希腊化时期、罗马与古代晚期哲学 · 西亚与北非 · 伦理学, 逻辑学, 形而上学

在雅典的“彩绘柱廊”创立斯多葛学派：依合乎理性的自然而生活。

核心思想

  • 逻各斯即世界理性
  • 依自然而生活

老师: 忒拜的克拉特斯

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影响

受影响于 4

  • 赫拉克利特

    受其影响

    Zeno took up Heraclitus’ cosmic fire and logos for Stoic physics: a designing fire runs through the world and periodically consumes it; Cleanthes wrote on Heraclitus. Diogenes Laertius VII.134–142, VII.174; A. A. Long, ‘Heraclitus and Stoicism’, Philosophia 5–6 (1975–76); SEP “Heraclitus”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    赫拉克利特 › 约公元前535—前475年年

  • 苏格拉底

    受其影响 ✓

    Zeno is said to have turned to philosophy after reading Xenophon’s Memorabilia II in an Athens bookshop; Stoic ethics took up Socrates’ view that virtue is knowledge. Diogenes Laertius VII.2–3; SEP “Stoicism”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    苏格拉底 › 公元前470—前399年

  • 锡诺普的第欧根尼

    受其影响

    Through his teacher Crates, Zeno took up Diogenes’ Cynic ethics; his Republic, without temples, courts or coinage, was said to be written ‘on the dog’s tail’. Diogenes Laertius VII.2–4, VII.32–33; SEP “Stoicism”

    依据: AI 草稿

    锡诺普的第欧根尼 › 约公元前412—前323年年

  • 忒拜的克拉特斯 师从

    师从 后世传述

    Known from later tradition (Diogenes Laertius 7.2–4, with the legendary bookshop story); a lost ‘Memoirs of Crates’ listed among Zeno’s works (7.4) and his Cynic-leaning Republic make a real connection plausible. Diogenes Laertius 7.2–4; SEP “Zeno of Citium”

    依据: AI 草稿

    忒拜的克拉特斯 › 约公元前365—前285年年

影响了 4

  • 克律西波斯

    影响了

    Chrysippus defended and systematised the Stoicism founded by Zeno, especially its logic and theory of knowledge; hence the saying ‘without Chrysippus there would be no Stoa’. Diogenes Laertius VII.179–183; IEP “Chrysippus”; SEP “Stoicism”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    克律西波斯 › 约公元前279—前206年年

  • 西塞罗

    影响了

    Cicero set out Zeno’s Stoic ethics in De finibus III and, following Antiochus, argued in book IV that Zeno had changed words rather than doctrines (45 BCE). Cicero, De finibus III–IV; Academica I.35–42; SEP “Cicero”

    依据: AI 草稿

    西塞罗 › 公元前106—前43年

  • 塞涅卡

    影响了

    Seneca took up the Stoic ethics founded by Zeno – virtue the only good, life in agreement with nature – but found Zeno’s compressed syllogisms unpersuasive (Letters 82–83). Seneca, Epistulae morales 82–83; SEP “Seneca”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    塞涅卡 › 约公元前4年—公元65年年

  • 玛莎·努斯鲍姆

    影响了

    Nussbaum traced cosmopolitanism to the Stoics, citing Plutarch’s report of Zeno’s Republic, in which all humans are fellow citizens (‘Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism’, 1997). M. C. Nussbaum, “Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism”, Journal of Political Philosophy 5 (1997); The Cosmopolitan Tradition (2019); Plutarch, De Alexandri fortuna I

    依据: AI 草稿

    玛莎·努斯鲍姆 › 1947年生

批评

受批评于 1

  • 阿尔凯西劳斯

    受其批评

    Arcesilaus denied Zeno’s ‘kataleptic’ impression, since a false impression could always look the same, and concluded that the wise should suspend assent. Cicero, Academica II.77; Sextus Empiricus, Adversus mathematicos VII.150–158; SEP “Arcesilaus”

    依据: AI 草稿

    阿尔凯西劳斯 › 约公元前316—前241年年

立场

Zeno founded Stoicism, which divided philosophy into logic, physics and ethics. The cosmos, he taught, is a rational whole permeated by a divine logos; to live well is to “live in agreement with nature”, which means living according to reason. Only virtue is truly good and only vice truly bad; health, wealth and reputation are “indifferent”, though some are preferable to others. Passions such as fear and craving arise from false judgements and are to be overcome. His Republic sketched an ideal community of the wise without temples or law courts. Developed by Chrysippus, Stoicism became one of the most widely held philosophies of the Hellenistic and Roman world.

生平与背景

Zeno came from Citium in Cyprus and, according to tradition, turned to philosophy after a shipwreck brought him to Athens. He studied with the Cynic Crates and other teachers, then around 300 BCE began teaching in the Stoa Poikile, the Painted Porch on the agora, which gave the Stoic school its name. His writings survive only in fragments.

主要作品

  • Republic (lost, c. 300 BCE)
  • On Life According to Nature (lost, c. 300 BCE)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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