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爱比克泰德

约50–135年

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

有些事情在我们的能力范围之内，比如我们的判断和愿望，有些则不在——只关注前者，你就会自由。

定位

希腊化时期、罗马与古代晚期哲学 · 西亚与北非 · 伦理学, 存在与自我

曾为奴隶：要区分哪些在你的掌控之中，哪些不在。

核心思想

  • 掌控二分
  • 内心的自由

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影响

受影响于 3

  • 苏格拉底

    受其影响

    Epictetus held up Socrates as the model of a life guided by reason, urging pupils to live as one who wishes to be a Socrates (Encheiridion 51). Epictetus, Encheiridion 51; Discourses I.9, IV.1; A. A. Long, Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life (2002)

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    苏格拉底 › 公元前470—前399年

  • 锡诺普的第欧根尼

    受其影响

    Epictetus held up Diogenes as a model of freedom and of the true Cynic, a messenger sent by Zeus, in his discourse on the Cynic calling (Discourses III.22). Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus III.22, IV.1; SEP “Epictetus”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    锡诺普的第欧根尼 › 约公元前412—前323年年

  • 克律西波斯

    受其影响

    Epictetus treated Chrysippus as the authoritative Stoic teacher but insisted that progress lies in living by his doctrine, not in expounding his books (Discourses I.4, I.17). Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus I.4, I.17; SEP “Epictetus”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    克律西波斯 › 约公元前279—前206年年

影响了 3

  • 马可·奥勒留

    影响了

    Marcus Aurelius thanked Junius Rusticus for giving him Epictetus’ discourses and took up his distinction between what is and is not up to us (Meditations I.7). Marcus Aurelius, Meditations I.7, IV.41; P. Hadot, La citadelle intérieure (1992); SEP “Marcus Aurelius”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    马可·奥勒留 › 121–180

  • 布莱兹·帕斯卡

    影响了 ✓

    In the Conversation with M. de Sacy (1655) Pascal praised Epictetus for knowing human duty and greatness, but held that, ignoring human weakness, he led to pride. B. Pascal, Entretien avec M. de Sacy sur Épictète et Montaigne (1655); SEP “Blaise Pascal”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    布莱兹·帕斯卡 › 1623–1662

  • 沙夫茨伯里

    影响了

    In his private notebooks, the Askêmata (1698–1704), Shaftesbury trained himself by the Stoic exercises Epictetus describes, citing him constantly. Shaftesbury, Askêmata, ed. B. Rand as Philosophical Regimen (1900); Standard Edition II.6, ed. W. Benda et al. (2011); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”

    依据: AI 草稿

    沙夫茨伯里 › 1671–1713

作品

  • 约125年手册（Enchiridion）

    由他的学生阿里安根据他的教导编成：有些事在我们的掌控之中，有些则不在。

立场

At the heart of Epictetus’ teaching is a single distinction: some things are up to us – our judgements, desires and choices – and others are not, such as our body, property, reputation and the actions of others. People are disturbed not by things but by their judgements about things. Freedom and peace of mind come from attending only to what is in our power and accepting everything else as part of the natural order. His pupil Arrian recorded his lectures in the Discourses and the short Handbook. Marcus Aurelius drew directly on him, and modern cognitive behavioural therapy names him as a forerunner.

生平与背景

Epictetus was born a slave in Hierapolis in Phrygia and lived in Rome as the property of Epaphroditus, a freedman in Nero’s service; there he studied with the Stoic Musonius Rufus. After gaining his freedom he taught in Rome until Domitian expelled the philosophers around 93 CE, then founded a school in Nicopolis in western Greece. He wrote nothing himself.

其他主要作品

  • Discourses (recorded by Arrian, c. 108 CE)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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