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米歇尔·德·蒙田

1533–1592

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

诚实地面对自己所知多么少，仔细地研究自己，并且不要把自己的习俗看得比别人的更自然。

定位

文艺复兴与人文主义 · 西欧 · 存在与自我, 认识论, 伦理学

以他的“尝试”（essais）为名，创造了随笔这一形式，作为一种怀疑式的自我探究：“Que sais-je?”——我知道什么？

核心思想

  • Que sais-je?（我知道什么？）
  • 随笔作为自我实验
  • 宽容

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影响

受影响于 4

  • 苏格拉底

    受其影响

    Montaigne made Socrates his model of a wise life lived naturally and of a calm death, in the late essays ‘Of Physiognomy’ and ‘Of Experience’ (Essays III.12–13). M. de Montaigne, Essais III.12, III.13 (1588/95); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”

    依据: AI 草稿

    苏格拉底 › 公元前470—前399年

  • 卢克莱修

    受其影响

    Montaigne quoted Lucretius often in the Essays and annotated his own copy of Lambin’s edition (1563), rediscovered in 1989. M. de Montaigne, Essais (1580–95); M. A. Screech, Montaigne’s Annotated Copy of Lucretius (1998)

    依据: AI 草稿

    卢克莱修 › 约公元前99—前55年年

  • 塞涅卡

    受其影响

    Montaigne quoted Seneca constantly and paired him with Plutarch as his main reading, taking up his practice of self-examination and preparation for death (Essays I.20, II.10). M. de Montaigne, Essais I.20, II.10, II.32 (1580–95); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”

    依据: AI 草稿

    塞涅卡 › 约公元前4年—公元65年年

  • 塞克斯都·恩披里柯

    受其影响

    In the ‘Apology for Raymond Sebond’ Montaigne took up Sextus’ Pyrrhonian modes against human reason, available in Henri Estienne’s Latin translation of 1562 (Essays II.12). M. de Montaigne, Essais II.12; Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhoniarum hypotyposeon libri III, Latin tr. H. Estienne (1562); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    塞克斯都·恩披里柯 › 约160–210年

影响了 5

  • 勒内·笛卡尔

    影响了

    Descartes’ Discourse on Method (1637) echoes Montaigne in its first-person form and in the lesson drawn from the diversity of customs, without naming him. R. Descartes, Discours de la méthode (1637), ed. É. Gilson, Discours de la méthode: texte et commentaire (1925); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    勒内·笛卡尔 › 1596–1650

  • 布莱兹·帕斯卡

    影响了 ✓

    Pascal drew heavily on Montaigne’s Essays, above all the Apology for Raymond Sebond, for his picture of human misery, custom and diversion in the Pensées (1670). B. Pascal, Pensées (1670); Entretien avec M. de Sacy (1655); SEP “Blaise Pascal”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO

    布莱兹·帕斯卡 › 1623–1662

  • 皮埃尔·培尔

    影响了

    Bayle drew on Montaigne’s Essays from the Various Thoughts on the Comet (1682) to the Dictionary (1697); C. B. Brush (1966) read his scepticism as variations on Montaigne’s. C. B. Brush, Montaigne and Bayle: Variations on the Theme of Skepticism (1966); S. Giocanti, on Bayle’s use of Montaigne, Libertinage et philosophie à l’époque classique 21 (2024)

    依据: AI 草稿

    皮埃尔·培尔 › 1647–1706

  • 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生

    影响了 ✓

    Emerson made Montaigne the type of the sceptic in Representative Men (1850), recalling that reading the Essays as a youth felt as if he had written them himself. R. W. Emerson, Representative Men (1850), “Montaigne; or, the Skeptic”; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO

    拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 › 1803–1882

  • 弗里德里希·尼采

    影响了 ✓

    In Schopenhauer as Educator (1874) Nietzsche praised Montaigne’s honesty and cheerfulness: that such a man wrote has increased the joy of living on this earth. F. Nietzsche, Schopenhauer als Erzieher (1874); SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO

    弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900

作品

  • 1580随笔集

    我自己就是我这本书的题材。

立场

Montaigne invented the essay as an “attempt” to examine himself, and through himself the human condition. Drawing on Sextus Empiricus, Seneca and Plutarch, he showed how changeable, contradictory and bound to custom our judgements are. His motto “What do I know?” expresses a scepticism that is not despair but a source of modesty and tolerance: what one people call barbaric, another find natural, as he argued in his essay on cannibals. Instead of grand systems he offers an art of living – accepting the body, death and one’s own limits with humour. He influenced Shakespeare, Descartes, Pascal and the whole modern tradition of self-reflection.

生平与背景

Born in 1533 at the Château de Montaigne near Bordeaux, Michel de Montaigne grew up speaking Latin as his first language and served as a councillor in the Bordeaux parliament. In 1571 he withdrew to the tower library of his estate to write. Amid the French Wars of Religion he travelled to Italy, served two terms as mayor of Bordeaux and acted as a mediator; he died in 1592.

其他主要作品

  • Essays (1580)
  • Essays, expanded edition (1588)
  • Travel Journal (1774)

出现在

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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