阿尔凯西劳斯
对每一个论证，都有一个同样有力的反面论证，所以我们应当对一切悬搁判断——而我们仍然可以依据看来合理的东西行事。
定位
约公元前268年起任学园领袖，使柏拉图的学校转向怀疑论：像苏格拉底一样，他反驳每一种立场，尤其是反驳斯多葛学派关于有些印象不可能为假的主张，并建议对一切悬搁判断。
核心思想
- 对一切悬搁判断（epochē）
- 对斯多葛认知性印象的批判
- 针对每一种观点的苏格拉底式论辩
- 合理的东西（eulogon）作为行动的指南
影响
受影响于 3
苏格拉底
受其影响
Arcesilaus appealed to Socrates’ avowal of knowing nothing and radicalised it: not even this can be known, so he withheld assent on everything (Cicero, Academica I.45). Cicero, Academica I.44–45; SEP “Arcesilaus”
依据: AI 草稿
苏格拉底 › 公元前470—前399年
埃利斯的皮浪
受其影响 存在争议
The Stoic Ariston mocked Arcesilaus as ‘Plato in front, Pyrrho behind, Diodorus in the middle’; how much his suspension of judgement owed to Pyrrho is disputed. Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism I.234; Diogenes Laertius IV.33; SEP “Arcesilaus”
依据: AI 草稿
埃利斯的皮浪 › 约公元前360—前270年年
影响了 2
卡涅阿德斯
影响了
Carneades took up Arcesilaus’ arguments against the Stoic criterion of truth and sharpened them against Chrysippus’ refined version; he too argued on both sides of a question. Cicero, Academica II; Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians I.159–189; SEP “Carneades”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
卡涅阿德斯 › 约公元前214—前129年年
西塞罗
影响了
Cicero adopted the Academic method Arcesilaus had introduced – arguing against every view and withholding firm assent – and defended it in his Academica (45 BCE). Cicero, Academica I.43–46, II; SEP “Arcesilaus”; SEP “Cicero”
依据: AI 草稿
西塞罗 › 公元前106—前43年
批评
受批评于 1
奥古斯丁
受其批评
In Contra Academicos (386) Augustine argued against the Academic scepticism begun by Arcesilaus that the wise must know truth and that some truths are certain. Augustine, Contra Academicos III.10.23–13.29; SEP “Augustine”
依据: AI 草稿
奥古斯丁 › 354–430
批评了 1
基提翁的芝诺
批评了
Arcesilaus denied Zeno’s ‘kataleptic’ impression, since a false impression could always look the same, and concluded that the wise should suspend assent. Cicero, Academica II.77; Sextus Empiricus, Adversus mathematicos VII.150–158; SEP “Arcesilaus”
依据: AI 草稿
基提翁的芝诺 › 约公元前334—前262年年
立场
Arcesilaus began what later writers called the Middle or New Academy. He presented his scepticism as a return to Socrates, who claimed to know only that he knew nothing, and to the questioning Plato of the dialogues: instead of stating his own view he argued against whatever his listeners proposed, so that, as Cicero puts it, equal weight of reasons on both sides would lead them to withhold assent. His main target was the Stoic theory of knowledge of Zeno of Citium. Zeno held that there are “cognitive impressions” (phantasiai katalēptikai) which come from what is and are stamped in such a way that they could not come from what is not, and that the wise person assents only to these. Arcesilaus replied that for every true impression there could be a false one indistinguishable from it – twins, eggs, dreams, madness. If so, no impression is cognitive, and the wise person, who never holds mere opinions, must suspend judgement (epochē) on everything. To the objection that this makes action impossible he answered, according to Sextus, that one can act on what is “reasonable” (eulogon). Whether he held these views himself or only drew out consequences of Stoic premises is debated. The Stoic Ariston mocked him as “Plato in front, Pyrrho behind, Diodorus in the middle”, and how much he owed to Pyrrho is still an open question. Carneades carried his method further; Cicero wrote within this Academic tradition, and Augustine argued against it.
生平与背景
Arcesilaus was born around 316/315 BCE in Pitane in Aeolis, on the coast of Asia Minor. After studying mathematics he came to Athens, where he first heard Theophrastus, Aristotle’s successor in the Lyceum, and then joined Plato’s Academy under Polemo and Crantor. Around 268–264 BCE, on the death of Crates of Athens (not the Cynic Crates of Thebes), he became head of the Academy. Diogenes Laertius (IV 28–45) describes a witty, generous teacher with a large following. He wrote nothing; his arguments are known from Cicero, Sextus Empiricus, Plutarch and Diogenes Laertius. He died around 241/240 BCE at the age of 75.
主要作品
- No writings (Arcesilaus taught only orally; Diogenes Laertius mentions a few poems and letters)
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