拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
相信你自己和你自己的洞见，胜过传统和权威，因为同一个神圣的精神存在于每个人和自然之中。
定位
超验主义者：自立（self-reliance）与“超灵”（Over-Soul）——自然是精神的镜子。
核心思想
- 自立
- 超灵
影响
受影响于 5
柏拉图
受其影响 ✓
Emerson made Plato the type of the philosopher in Representative Men (1850): ‘Out of Plato come all things that are still written and debated among men of thought.’ R. W. Emerson, Representative Men (1850), “Plato; or, the Philosopher”; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
柏拉图 › 公元前428—前348年
普罗提诺
受其影响
Emerson took the motto of Nature (1836) from Plotinus: nature is ‘but an image or imitation of wisdom, the last thing of the soul’. R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836), motto; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
依据: AI 草稿
普罗提诺 › 204–270
米歇尔·德·蒙田
受其影响 ✓
Emerson made Montaigne the type of the sceptic in Representative Men (1850), recalling that reading the Essays as a youth felt as if he had written them himself. R. W. Emerson, Representative Men (1850), “Montaigne; or, the Skeptic”; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
米歇尔·德·蒙田 › 1533–1592
伊曼纽尔·斯威登堡
受其影响 ✓
Emerson took up Swedenborg’s doctrine of correspondences between natural facts and spiritual truths in Nature (1836) and portrayed him as the mystic in Representative Men (1850). R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836), “Language”; Representative Men (1850), “Swedenborg; or, the Mystic”
伊曼纽尔·斯威登堡 › 1688–1772
影响了 4
亨利·戴维·梭罗
影响了 ✓
Thoreau, Emerson’s protégé, took up his ideals of self-reliance and of nature as spirit (Nature, 1836) and tested them at Walden Pond on Emerson’s land (Walden, 1854). R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836); “Self-Reliance” (1841); H. D. Thoreau, Walden (1854); SEP “Henry David Thoreau”
亨利·戴维·梭罗 › 1817–1862
威廉·詹姆斯
影响了 ✓
James, whose father was Emerson’s friend, spoke at the Emerson centenary in Concord (1903), praising his faith in the worth of each individual’s experience. W. James, “Address at the Emerson Centenary in Concord” (1903), in Memories and Studies (1911); SEP “William James”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
威廉·詹姆斯 › 1842–1910
弗里德里希·尼采
影响了 ✓
Nietzsche read Emerson’s essays from his school years and put a passage from Emerson’s ‘History’ as the motto of the first edition of The Gay Science (1882). F. Nietzsche, Die fröhliche Wissenschaft (1882), motto; R. W. Emerson, Essays: First Series (1841), “History”; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900
何塞·马蒂
影响了
Martí admired Emerson’s idealism of nature and self-reliance, which he joined with republican ethics, in an essay written at Emerson’s death (‘Emerson’, 1882). J. Martí, “Emerson”, La Opinión Nacional (Caracas, 1882), in Obras completas XIII
依据: AI 草稿
何塞·马蒂 › 1853–1895
作品
立场
Emerson called on Americans to free themselves from the authority of European tradition, church doctrine and conformity and to trust their own intuition. In each individual soul speaks the divine “Over-Soul”, which connects all beings; nature, rightly seen, is a language of spirit. Hence his call to self-reliance: whoever follows their own inner voice touches what is universal. “Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string.” His essays, drawing on Romanticism, German idealism and Indian thought, gave the young American culture a philosophy of its own and shaped Thoreau, Whitman, Nietzsche and later the pragmatists.
生平与背景
Emerson came from a long line of New England ministers, studied at Harvard and served as a Unitarian pastor until he resigned in 1832. After meeting Coleridge, Wordsworth and Carlyle in Europe, he settled in Concord, Massachusetts. As essayist and celebrated lecturer he became the central figure of American Transcendentalism and a mentor to Thoreau.
其他主要作品
- Nature (1836)
- The American Scholar (1837)
- Essays: First Series, incl. “Self-Reliance” (1841)
- Representative Men (1850)
- The Conduct of Life (1860)
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