乔治·赫伯特·米德
自我不是出生时就有的，而是在社会互动中，当我们学会透过他人的眼睛看自己时才出现的。
定位
自我从社会互动中产生：“主我”（I）与“客我”（Me）。
核心思想
- 主我与客我
- 有意义的符号
- 符号互动论（由其学生布鲁默命名）
老师: 威廉·狄尔泰
学生: 赫伯特·布鲁默
影响
受影响于 6
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
受其影响
Mead lectured on Hegel in Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1936); A. Honneth reads his social self as a naturalised version of Hegel’s recognition (1992). G. H. Mead, Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1936); A. Honneth, Kampf um Anerkennung (1992); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
查尔斯·达尔文
受其影响
Mead started his account of the ‘conversation of gestures’ from Darwin’s Expression of the Emotions (1872), reading gestures socially rather than as expression (Mind, Self, and Society, 1934). G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); C. Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
依据: AI 草稿
查尔斯·达尔文 › 1809–1882
威廉·狄尔泰 师从
师从
Mead took two courses with Dilthey during his study in Germany. SEP “George Herbert Mead” (M. Aboulafia, S. Taylor), §1
依据: AI 草稿
威廉·狄尔泰 › 1833–1911
威廉·詹姆斯
受其影响
Mead met William James at Harvard in 1887–88 and tutored his son, but did not study with him; his distinction between the “I” and the “me” takes up James’s analysis of the self in The Principles of Psychology (1890). SEP “George Herbert Mead”; W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), ch. 10; G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934)
依据: AI 草稿
威廉·詹姆斯 › 1842–1910
约翰·杜威
受其影响
Mead, Dewey’s colleague in Michigan and Chicago from 1891, built on Dewey’s critique of the reflex arc (1896) in developing his theory of the social act. J. Dewey, “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology” (1896); G. H. Mead, The Philosophy of the Act (1938); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·杜威 › 1859–1952
影响了 7
赫伯特·布鲁默 教过
教过
Blumer studied with Mead at Chicago (PhD 1928) and took over his course in social psychology in 1931, when Mead fell ill; he coined the term ‘symbolic interactionism’ (1937) for the approach he drew from Mead. H. Blumer, Symbolic Interactionism (1969), ch. 1
依据: AI 草稿
赫伯特·布鲁默 › 1900–1987
C. 赖特·米尔斯
影响了
Mills drew on Mead’s social behaviourism to treat motives as socially learned vocabularies that actors use in situations (‘Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive’, 1940). C. W. Mills, “Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive”, American Sociological Review 5 (1940); H. Gerth and C. W. Mills, Character and Social Structure (1953)
依据: AI 草稿
C. 赖特·米尔斯 › 1916–1962
欧文·戈夫曼
影响了 存在争议
How far Goffman drew on Mead is disputed: he is often counted a symbolic interactionist, but commentators stress his debts to Durkheim and Simmel (Presentation of Self, 1956). E. Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956; 1959); T. Burns, Erving Goffman (1992); G. Smith, Erving Goffman (2006); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
依据: AI 草稿
欧文·戈夫曼 › 1922–1982
托马斯·卢克曼
影响了 ✓
With Berger, Luckmann took over Mead’s account of socialisation through significant others and the ‘generalized other’, internalising society’s roles and norms (The Social Construction of Reality, 1966). P. L. Berger and T. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (1966); G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
托马斯·卢克曼 › 1927–2016
彼得·L. 伯格
影响了
Berger grounded his view of identity as socially bestowed, sustained and transformed in Mead’s account of the self formed by taking others’ roles (Invitation to Sociology, 1963). P. L. Berger, Invitation to Sociology (1963), “Society in Man”; SEP “George Herbert Mead”
依据: AI 草稿
彼得·L. 伯格 › 1929–2017
尤尔根·哈贝马斯
影响了 ✓
Habermas saw in Mead’s theory of symbolically mediated interaction the paradigm shift from purposive to communicative action (Theory of Communicative Action, 1981). J. Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981), vol. II, “Der Paradigmenwechsel bei Mead und Durkheim”; G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934)
尤尔根·哈贝马斯 › 1929–2026
阿克塞尔·霍耐特
影响了 ✓
Honneth read Mead’s social psychology as a naturalistic transformation of the young Hegel’s theory of recognition, grounding self-relation in the perspective of others (Kampf um Anerkennung, 1992). A. Honneth, Kampf um Anerkennung (1992); G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); SEP “Recognition”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
阿克塞尔·霍耐特 › 1949年生
作品
- 1934心灵、自我与社会
自我是通过承担他人的角色而产生的。
立场
Mead explained how the self arises in social interaction. We are not born with a self; we acquire it by learning to take the attitude of others towards ourselves – first in play, when the child takes on individual roles, then in the game, when it grasps the rules of the whole group, the “generalised other”. Language, as a system of significant symbols, makes this possible. Within the self Mead distinguished the spontaneous, creative “I” from the “me”, the internalised attitudes of the community. His ideas became the basis of symbolic interactionism in sociology and influenced Habermas and Honneth.
生平与背景
Mead studied at Oberlin and Harvard and spent several years in Leipzig and Berlin. From 1894 until his death he taught at the University of Chicago alongside Dewey. He published little in his lifetime; his main works were compiled by his students from lecture notes after his death.
其他主要作品
- The Philosophy of the Present (1932)
- Mind, Self, and Society (1934)
- Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1936)
- The Philosophy of the Act (1938)
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