阿尔弗雷德·舒茨
日常生活建立在庞大的、被视为理所当然的知识和类型之上，而社会学必须理解人们如何理解自己的世界。
定位
白天是银行家，晚上是哲学家：他把胡塞尔的现象学与韦伯的诠释社会学结合起来，描述了我们视为理所当然的日常生活世界。
核心思想
- 生活世界与自然态度
- 类型化
- 多重实在
- 陌生人
影响
受影响于 4
威廉·詹姆斯
受其影响
Schutz reworked James’s sub-universes of reality into ‘finite provinces of meaning’, with the everyday world of working as paramount reality (‘On Multiple Realities’, 1945). A. Schutz, “On Multiple Realities”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 5 (1945); W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
依据: AI 草稿
威廉·詹姆斯 › 1842–1910
亨利·柏格森
受其影响
Schutz grounded meaning in Bergson’s inner duration: lived experience becomes meaningful when a reflective glance turns back on it (Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt, 1932). A. Schütz, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932); Theorie der Lebensformen (manuscripts 1925–27, ed. I. Srubar, 1981); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
依据: AI 草稿
亨利·柏格森 › 1859–1941
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔
受其影响
Schutz used Husserl’s constitutive phenomenology to clarify Weber’s ‘subjective meaning’, describing how meaning is built up in consciousness and how we understand others; Husserl admired the book (1932). A. Schütz, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932); SEP “Alfred Schutz”; SEP “Edmund Husserl”
依据: AI 草稿
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔 › 1859–1938
马克斯·韦伯
受其影响 ✓
Schutz took up Weber’s demand that sociology understand the subjective meaning of action and asked what that meaning is, a question he found Weber had left unexamined (1932). A. Schütz, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932); SEP “Alfred Schutz”; SEP “Max Weber”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
马克斯·韦伯 › 1864–1920
影响了 7
哈罗德·加芬克尔
影响了
Garfinkel turned Schutz’s common-sense knowledge into an empirical topic, using breaching experiments to expose the background expectancies of everyday life (Studies in Ethnomethodology, 1967). H. Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967); J. Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (1984); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
依据: AI 草稿
哈罗德·加芬克尔 › 1917–2011
欧文·戈夫曼
影响了
In Frame Analysis (1974) Goffman built on Schutz’s finite provinces of meaning, after James, but shifted from consciousness to the frames that organise definitions of situations. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); A. Schutz, “On Multiple Realities” (1945); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
依据: AI 草稿
欧文·戈夫曼 › 1922–1982
多萝西·E. 史密斯
影响了
Smith built on Schutz’s phenomenology of the everyday world but held that its order is organised extra-locally, by texts and relations of ruling (1987). D. E. Smith, The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology (1987); “Women’s Perspective as a Radical Critique of Sociology”, Sociological Inquiry 44 (1974)
依据: AI 草稿
多萝西·E. 史密斯 › 1926–2022
托马斯·卢克曼 教过
教过 ✓
Luckmann studied at the New School for Social Research in New York in the 1950s and attended Schutz’s courses; after Schutz’s death he completed Strukturen der Lebenswelt from his drafts (1975/1984). A. Schütz & T. Luckmann, Strukturen der Lebenswelt I (1975), preface
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·卢克曼 › 1927–2016
彼得·L. 伯格 教过
教过
Berger studied at the New School for Social Research in New York (MA 1950, PhD 1954), where he attended the courses of Schutz, who taught there. P. L. Berger, Adventures of an Accidental Sociologist (2011)
依据: AI 草稿
彼得·L. 伯格 › 1929–2017
尤尔根·哈贝马斯
影响了
Habermas developed his concept of the lifeworld, the shared background of communication, in critical dialogue with Husserl, Schutz and Luckmann (Theory of Communicative Action, 1981). J. Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981), vol. II; A. Schutz and T. Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World (1973)
依据: AI 草稿
尤尔根·哈贝马斯 › 1929–2026
安东尼·吉登斯
影响了 ✓
Giddens took up Schutz’s stocks of knowledge as actors’ ‘mutual knowledge’ but objected that Schutz neglected power and unintended consequences of action (New Rules of Sociological Method, 1976). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); The Constitution of Society (1984); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
安东尼·吉登斯 › 1938年生
作品
- 1932社会世界的现象学
把韦伯的理解社会学奠基于胡塞尔的现象学：在日常生活世界中，我们如何理解他人的意指。
立场
Schutz took up Max Weber’s demand that sociology understand the subjective meaning of action and asked what this “meaning” actually is – a question Weber had left unexamined. Drawing on Husserl’s phenomenology and Bergson’s analysis of inner time, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932) describes how meaning is built up in the stream of experience and how we understand other people. Its central idea is the life-world: the everyday reality we inhabit in the “natural attitude”, without doubting that the world exists and that others experience it much as we do. We cope with it through a “stock of knowledge at hand” made of typifications – the postman, the bus, a greeting – most of which we have learned from others. Schutz distinguished “in-order-to” motives from “because” motives, and the consociates we meet face to face from contemporaries known only as types. Essays such as “The Stranger” (1944) and “On Multiple Realities” (1945) applied these ideas. Through Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann’s The Social Construction of Reality (1966) and Harold Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology, his work shaped much of later sociology.
生平与背景
Alfred Schutz (Schütz) was born in Vienna in 1899. After serving in the Austro-Hungarian army in the First World War he studied law and social science at the University of Vienna under Hans Kelsen and Ludwig von Mises. All his life he earned his living as a legal and financial adviser in banking, at first for the Vienna firm Reitler & Co. His only book published in his lifetime, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932), won Husserl’s admiration. When Germany annexed Austria in 1938 he happened to be in Paris on business; in 1939 the family emigrated to the United States. From 1943 he taught sociology and philosophy at the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research in New York, while continuing his banking work. He died in New York in 1959.
其他主要作品
- The Phenomenology of the Social World (1932)
- “The Stranger” (1944)
- “On Multiple Realities” (1945)
- Collected Papers (posthumous, 1962–66)
- The Structures of the Life-World (with Thomas Luckmann, posthumous, 1973)
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