查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士
一个观念的意义在于它的实际效果，而知识通过一个由探究者组成的共同体不断检验和修正自身而增长。
定位
实用主义与符号学的创立者：一个概念的意义在于它的实际后果。
核心思想
- 实用主义准则
- 符号学
- 溯因推理
- 可错论
影响
受影响于 4
亚里士多德
受其影响
Peirce took his term ‘abduction’ for inference to an explanatory hypothesis from Aristotle’s apagoge in the Prior Analytics, setting it beside deduction and induction. Aristotle, Prior Analytics; SEP “Abduction”; SEP “Charles Sanders Peirce”
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
约翰·邓斯·司各脱
受其影响
Peirce called himself a Scotistic realist, defending against nominalism the reality of generals, and adapted Scotus’s haecceity, ‘thisness’, for his category of Secondness. J. F. Boler, Charles Peirce and Scholastic Realism (1963); C. S. Peirce, review of Fraser’s Berkeley (1871); SEP “Charles Sanders Peirce”
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·邓斯·司各脱 › 约1266–1308年
乔治·贝克莱
受其影响 ✓
Peirce reviewed Fraser’s edition of Berkeley’s Works (1871) and later, writing to James (1903), gave Berkeley more right than anyone to be called the introducer of pragmatism. C. S. Peirce, review of A. C. Fraser (ed.), The Works of George Berkeley, North American Review (1871); letter to W. James (1903); L. Friedman, “Pragmatism: The Unformulated Method of Bishop Berkeley”, Journal of the History of Philosophy (2003)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
乔治·贝克莱 › 1685–1753
伊曼努尔·康德
受其影响
Peirce studied the Critique of Pure Reason for years in his youth and took the name ‘pragmatism’ from Kant’s distinction between pragmatisch and praktisch (‘What Pragmatism Is’, 1905). C. S. Peirce, “What Pragmatism Is”, The Monist (1905); SEP “Charles Sanders Peirce”
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
影响了 5
威廉·詹姆斯
影响了
In ‘Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results’ (1898) James credited Peirce’s ‘How to Make Our Ideas Clear’ (1878) with the principle of pragmatism and made it widely known. W. James, “Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results” (1898); C. S. Peirce, “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” (1878); SEP “Pragmatism”
依据: AI 草稿
威廉·詹姆斯 › 1842–1910
约翰·杜威
影响了
Dewey heard Peirce at Johns Hopkins and built Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (1938) on Peirce’s account of inquiry as the passage from doubt to settled belief. J. Dewey, Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (1938); C. S. Peirce, “The Fixation of Belief” (1877); SEP “John Dewey”
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·杜威 › 1859–1952
威尔弗里德·塞拉斯
影响了
Sellars took over Peirce’s idea of truth as the ideal end of inquiry, calling the final conceptual framework of science ‘Peirceish’ (Science and Metaphysics, 1968). W. Sellars, Science and Metaphysics: Variations on Kantian Themes (1968); SEP “Wilfrid Sellars”; SEP “Charles Sanders Peirce”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
威尔弗里德·塞拉斯 › 1912–1989
尤尔根·哈贝马斯
影响了
In Knowledge and Human Interests (1968) Habermas read Peirce’s logic of inquiry as uncovering the technical interest that guides the empirical sciences. J. Habermas, Erkenntnis und Interesse (1968); SEP “Jürgen Habermas”
依据: AI 草稿
尤尔根·哈贝马斯 › 1929–2026
翁贝托·埃科
影响了 ✓
Eco took Peirce’s interpretant and unlimited semiosis, every sign interpreted by further signs, as the basis of his general semiotics (Trattato di semiotica generale, 1975). U. Eco, Trattato di semiotica generale (1975); Lector in fabula (1979); SEP “Charles Sanders Peirce”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
翁贝托·埃科 › 1932–2016
批评
批评了 1
勒内·笛卡尔
批评了
Peirce rejected Cartesian doubt – ‘let us not pretend to doubt in philosophy what we do not doubt in our hearts’ (‘Some Consequences of Four Incapacities’, 1868). C. S. Peirce, “Some Consequences of Four Incapacities”, Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1868); SEP “Charles Sanders Peirce”
依据: AI 草稿
勒内·笛卡尔 › 1596–1650
作品
- 1868关于四种无能力的若干后果
我们不能从彻底的怀疑出发——反对笛卡尔主义。
- 1878如何使我们的观念清晰
实用主义准则。
立场
Peirce is the founder of pragmatism, though he later renamed his version “pragmaticism” to distinguish it from James’. His pragmatic maxim says that the meaning of a concept lies in the practical effects we conceive its object to have. Inquiry begins not with Cartesian doubt but with real doubt, and aims to fix belief; truth is what a community of inquirers would ultimately agree on. All knowledge is fallible. Beyond induction and deduction he identified abduction, the inventive inference to the best hypothesis. He also founded modern semiotics, with his theory of signs as icon, index and symbol, and in logic devised a notation for quantifiers independently of Frege.
生平与背景
The son of a Harvard mathematician, Peirce worked for three decades as a scientist for the US Coast Survey and taught logic only briefly at Johns Hopkins University. With William James and others he belonged to the “Metaphysical Club” in Cambridge. Difficult and unconventional, he never held a permanent professorship and died in poverty in Milford, Pennsylvania, leaving thousands of manuscript pages.
其他主要作品
- Some Consequences of Four Incapacities (1868)
- The Fixation of Belief (1877)
- How to Make Our Ideas Clear (1878)
- What Pragmatism Is (1905)
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