斯图尔特·霍尔
文化和媒体是权力的战场：受众可以逆着文本的意图去解读信息，而身份认同总是在被建构，绝不是简单地继承而来。
定位
英国文化研究的共同创立者：媒体信息是被编码与解码的，而文化认同不是固定的起源，而是在历史与权力中形成的位置。
核心思想
- 编码/解码
- 霸权与“撒切尔主义”
- 认同作为定位
- 离散与新族裔性
学生: 保罗·吉洛伊
影响
受影响于 7
卡尔·马克思
受其影响 ✓
In a close reading of Marx’s 1857 Introduction (1974) Hall derived a non-reductive method of articulation; later he sought a ‘Marxism without guarantees’ (‘The Problem of Ideology’, 1983). S. Hall, “Marx’s Notes on Method: A ‘Reading’ of the ‘1857 Introduction’”, Working Papers in Cultural Studies 6 (1974); “The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees” (1983)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
安东尼奥·葛兰西
受其影响
Hall used Gramsci’s hegemony to read Thatcherism, an ‘authoritarian populism’, as a struggle for consent, and stressed his relevance to race and ethnicity (1986, 1988). S. Hall, “Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity”, Journal of Communication Inquiry 10 (1986); The Hard Road to Renewal (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
依据: AI 草稿
安东尼奥·葛兰西 › 1891–1937
罗兰·巴特
受其影响
Hall used Barthes’s denotation and connotation, and his analysis of myth, to show how television encodes preferred meanings (‘Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse’, 1973). S. Hall, “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse”, CCCS Stencilled Occasional Paper 7 (1973); R. Barthes, Mythologies (1957); Éléments de sémiologie (1964)
依据: AI 草稿
罗兰·巴特 › 1915–1980
雷蒙·威廉斯
受其影响
Hall counted Williams’s Culture and Society (1958) and The Long Revolution (1961) among the founding texts of the ‘culturalist’ paradigm of cultural studies (‘Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms’, 1980). S. Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980); R. Williams, Culture and Society (1958); The Long Revolution (1961)
依据: AI 草稿
雷蒙·威廉斯 › 1921–1988
弗朗茨·法农
受其影响
Hall reread Black Skin, White Masks (1952) for Fanon’s account of racism lived through the gaze and the body (‘The After-life of Frantz Fanon’, 1996). S. Hall, “The After-life of Frantz Fanon: Why Fanon? Why Now? Why Black Skin, White Masks?”, in A. Read (ed.), The Fact of Blackness (1996); SEP “Frantz Fanon”
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗茨·法农 › 1925–1961
米歇尔·福柯
受其影响
Hall adopted Foucault’s concept of discourse to study representation as the production of knowledge and power, not the mere reflection of meaning (‘The Work of Representation’, 1997). S. Hall (ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (1997), “The Work of Representation”; SEP “Michel Foucault”
依据: AI 草稿
米歇尔·福柯 › 1926–1984
尼科斯·普兰查斯
受其影响
Hall read Poulantzas’s State, Power, Socialism as moving beyond the structuralism of his early work, towards the state as a condensation of class forces (1980). S. Hall, “Nicos Poulantzas: State, Power, Socialism”, New Left Review 119 (1980); N. Poulantzas, L’État, le pouvoir, le socialisme (1978)
依据: AI 草稿
尼科斯·普兰查斯 › 1936–1979
影响了 1
保罗·吉洛伊 教过
教过
Gilroy wrote his doctoral thesis (1986) at the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, which Hall had directed until 1979; the Holberg Prize biography names Hall and Richard Johnson as his supervisors. Holberg Prize, laureate biography of P. Gilroy (2019)
依据: AI 草稿
保罗·吉洛伊 › 1956年生
批评
批评了 1
路易·阿尔都塞 受其影响
受其影响
Hall took from Althusser the relative autonomy of ideology and overdetermination, and counted structuralism, beside culturalism, as one of the two paradigms of cultural studies (1980). S. Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980); L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
依据: AI 草稿
批评了
Hall valued Althusser’s theory of ideology but objected that it explains reproduction too functionally, leaving no room for contradiction and struggle (‘Signification, Representation, Ideology’, 1985). S. Hall, “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post-Structuralist Debates”, Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (1985), 91–114
依据: AI 草稿
路易·阿尔都塞 › 1918–1990
作品
- 1973编码/解码
媒体信息被编码了一种偏好的意义，但受众可以用主导的、协商的或对抗的方式来解码。
立场
Hall helped turn the study of culture – television, youth subcultures, popular music, the press – into a serious field of social analysis. Against the idea that audiences simply absorb what the media transmit, his “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse” (1973) argued that messages are encoded within dominant codes but may be decoded in a dominant, a negotiated or an oppositional way. Drawing on Gramsci, he analysed hegemony as a never-finished struggle for consent. Policing the Crisis (1978, with colleagues) showed how a moral panic about “mugging” in the early 1970s linked race and crime and prepared the ground for authoritarian politics; in January 1979, months before Margaret Thatcher’s election, he coined the term “Thatcherism” for this new “authoritarian populism”. In his later work on race, ethnicity and diaspora Hall argued that cultural identities are not an essence rooted in a fixed past but “positionings” produced within history, language and power; Black British and Caribbean identities are made through movement and mixture. His non-reductive Marxism, open to Althusser, Foucault and Fanon but critical of every determinism, shaped cultural studies worldwide.
生平与背景
Stuart Hall was born in 1932 in Kingston, Jamaica, into a colour-conscious middle-class family. In 1951 he went to Merton College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar to study English, and never returned to live in Jamaica. He was a central figure of the British New Left and in 1960 became the founding editor of New Left Review. In 1964 Richard Hoggart brought him to the new Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham, which he led from 1968 – at first as acting director – until 1979. He was then professor of sociology at the Open University until 1997, reaching a wide audience through its broadcast teaching. He died in London in 2014.
其他主要作品
- “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse” (1973)
- Resistance Through Rituals (co-ed., 1975)
- Policing the Crisis (with others, 1978)
- “The Great Moving Right Show” (1979)
- “Cultural Identity and Diaspora” (1990)
- Familiar Stranger (with Bill Schwarz, posthumous, 2017)
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