加亚特里·查克拉沃蒂·斯皮瓦克

Agora

加亚特里·查克拉沃蒂·斯皮瓦克

1942年生

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

最受压迫的人无法让自己的声音被听到，因为即使替他们发言的人也把自己的范畴强加于他们。

定位

结构主义与后结构主义 · 南亚 · 社会与历史, 政治与法, 语言, 性别与女性主义

文学理论家，后殖民理论的奠基者之一（也是德里达《论文字学》的译者）：《属下能说话吗？》追问谁可以代谁发言。

核心思想

属下（the subaltern）
策略性本质主义
认识论暴力

在星图中打开

影响

受影响于 3

卡尔·马克思

受其影响
Spivak read Marx’s distinction between political representation (vertreten) and portrayal (darstellen) in The Eighteenth Brumaire against Foucault and Deleuze (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1988); “Scattered Speculations on the Question of Value”, Diacritics 15 (1985); K. Marx, Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte (1852)
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
安东尼奥·葛兰西

受其影响
Spivak took Gramsci’s term ‘subaltern’, via Subaltern Studies, and asked whether those excluded from hegemonic representation can be heard (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography” (1985), in In Other Worlds (1987); “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
依据: AI 草稿
安东尼奥·葛兰西 › 1891–1937
雅克·德里达

受其影响
Spivak translated Derrida’s Of Grammatology (1976) with a long preface and used deconstruction to ask who speaks for the subaltern (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). J. Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. and preface G. C. Spivak (1976); G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
雅克·德里达 › 1930–2004

影响了 1

克里斯蒂·多特森

影响了
Dotson took the term ‘epistemic violence’ from Spivak’s ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ (1988) and analysed it as a failure of audiences to take up speakers’ testimony (2011). K. Dotson, “Tracking Epistemic Violence, Tracking Practices of Silencing”, Hypatia 26 (2011); G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988)
依据: AI 草稿
克里斯蒂·多特森 › 同时代

批评

批评了 2

吉尔·德勒兹

批评了
Spivak objected that Deleuze, with Foucault in ‘Intellectuals and Power’ (1972), conflates two senses of representation, speaking-for (vertreten) and portraying (darstellen) (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988); M. Foucault & G. Deleuze, “Les intellectuels et le pouvoir”, L’Arc 49 (1972)
依据: AI 草稿
吉尔·德勒兹 › 1925–1995
米歇尔·福柯

批评了
Spivak argued that Foucault’s analysis of power stays within Europe, ignoring the epistemic violence of imperialism and the international division of labour (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988)
依据: AI 草稿
米歇尔·福柯 › 1926–1984

作品

1988底层人能说话吗？
声称让被压迫者发声的西方知识分子，再次使他们沉默。

立场

Spivak combines deconstruction, Marxism and feminism to examine how knowledge and power work across the colonial divide. In her essay “Can the Subaltern Speak?” she argued that the most marginalized, above all poor women in the colonized world, are silenced twice: by colonial power and by the well-meaning Western intellectuals who claim to speak for them. She called this “epistemic violence.” To make political struggle possible without fixing identities, she proposed a “strategic essentialism,” a provisional and self-aware use of group identities. Her work became a cornerstone of postcolonial studies and shaped debates in literary theory, feminism and the humanities worldwide.

生平与背景

Spivak was born in Calcutta in 1942 and studied English at Presidency College there. In 1961 she went to the United States and earned her doctorate at Cornell under Paul de Man. Her translation of Derrida’s Of Grammatology, with a long preface, made her known in 1976. She has taught at Columbia University since 1991 and has long supported rural schools in West Bengal.