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海因里希·李凯尔特

1863–1936

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在李凯尔特看来，自然科学形成一般概念和规律，而历史与文化科学则通过与价值的关联选择什么是本质的，从而形成关于个别事物的概念——所以人文科学建立在它自己的逻辑上，而不是建立在心理学上。

定位

德国唯心主义及其后继者 · 东欧 · 认识论, 科学, 社会与历史

西南德意志学派的新康德主义者，认为文化科学通过把个别事实与价值相关联来形成概念，而自然科学则通过概括来形成概念——马克斯·韦伯为社会科学接受了这一框架；他在海德堡接替文德尔班，教过拉斯和海德格尔。

核心思想

  • 文化科学中的价值关联（Wertbeziehung）
  • 自然科学概念形成的界限
  • 作为价值体系的哲学

老师: 威廉·文德尔班

学生: 埃米尔·拉斯克, 马丁·海德格尔

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影响

受影响于 1

  • 威廉·文德尔班 师从

    师从

    Rickert wrote his dissertation under Windelband in Strasbourg (1888), later succeeded him in Heidelberg and drew on Windelband’s essay on history and natural science for his theory of science. SEP “Heinrich Rickert” (A. Staiti, L. Oliva), introduction; SEP “Neo-Kantianism” (J. Heis), §3

    依据: AI 草稿

    威廉·文德尔班 › 1848–1915

影响了 2

  • 马克斯·韦伯

    影响了

    Weber took over the neo-Kantian account of concept formation in the historical and cultural sciences as Rickert had elaborated it, but rejected Rickert’s recourse to ends that are valid across all cultures. SEP “Max Weber” (S. H. Kim, rev. 2022), §2.1 and §5.1; SEP “Heinrich Rickert” (A. Staiti, L. Oliva), introduction

    依据: AI 草稿

    马克斯·韦伯 › 1864–1920

  • 埃米尔·拉斯克 教过

    教过

    Lask wrote his dissertation on Fichte under Rickert at Freiburg in 1902. SEP “Neo-Kantianism” (J. Heis), §3

    依据: AI 草稿

    埃米尔·拉斯克 › 1875–1915

批评

受批评于 1

  • 马丁·海德格尔 教过

    教过 ✓

    Heidegger wrote his 1915 habilitation on Duns Scotus under Rickert’s direction in Freiburg. SEP “Martin Heidegger” (M. Wrathall, 2025), life section

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    受其批评

    In his 1919 lecture course Heidegger drew on Brentano, Dilthey and Husserl for a phenomenological critique of the neo-Kantian transcendental philosophy of value of Windelband, Rickert and Lask. SEP “Hermann Lotze” (D. Sullivan, rev. 2024), §5.3

    依据: AI 草稿

    马丁·海德格尔 › 1889–1976

批评了 1

  • 威廉·狄尔泰

    批评了

    Rickert objected to Dilthey that psychology cannot ground the human sciences and that re-living past experience would not amount to understanding it, holding that the logical structure of historical science fixes its object. SEP “Heinrich Rickert” (A. Staiti, L. Oliva), §3

    依据: AI 草稿

    威廉·狄尔泰 › 1833–1911

作品

  • 1899文化科学和自然科学

    李凯尔特对其科学划分的较早表述（1899年）：自然科学作概括，文化科学则使其对象与价值相关联；《自然科学概念构成的界限》后来为之提供了完整的逻辑基础。

  • 1902自然科学概念构成的界限

    论证自然科学形成一般概念和规律，而历史通过与价值的关联来选择何者重要，从而形成关于个别事物的概念；这是巴登学派的逻辑框架，由文德尔班的区分发展而来，并为马克斯·韦伯所采用。

立场

Rickert is on the map as the systematic head of the Southwest German (Baden) School of neo-Kantianism. In The Limits of Concept Formation in Natural Science (1902) he developed Windelband’s distinction into a logic of the sciences: the natural sciences form general concepts, history forms concepts of singular things by selecting what is essential through its relation to values (Wertbeziehung), which must be kept apart from the historian’s own valuing. Max Weber took over this frame for the social sciences, but rejected Rickert’s recourse to ends that are valid across all cultures. In the System of Philosophy (1921) Rickert grounded the cultural sciences in a system of values. He was an opponent of Dilthey, objecting that psychology cannot ground the human sciences and that re-living past experience would not amount to understanding it; Husserl and Lask in turn criticised parts of his theory. Heidegger wrote his habilitation under him in 1915 and in his lecture course of 1919 criticised the neo-Kantian philosophy of value of Windelband, Rickert and Lask.

生平与背景

Heinrich Rickert was born on 25 May 1863 in Danzig (Gdańsk), the son of a Berlin liberal politician and editor. He studied in Berlin, where he heard Friedrich Paulsen, and from 1885 in Strasbourg with Wilhelm Windelband, under whom he wrote his dissertation On the Theory of Definition (1888). For health reasons he moved to Freiburg in 1889, habilitated there under Alois Riehl with The Object of Knowledge, and became associate professor in 1894 and full professor in 1896. In 1915 he succeeded Windelband in Heidelberg, where he taught until 1932; he died there on 25 July 1936.

其他主要作品

  • The Object of Knowledge (Der Gegenstand der Erkenntnis, 1892)
  • Cultural Science and Natural Science (Kulturwissenschaft und Naturwissenschaft, 1899)
  • The Limits of Concept Formation in Natural Science (Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffsbildung, 1902)
  • System of Philosophy, vol. 1 (System der Philosophie, 1921)
  • Kant as Philosopher of Modern Culture (Kant als Philosoph der modernen Kultur, 1924)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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