威廉·文德尔班
文德尔班认为，各门科学的区别在于目的而非对象：自然科学寻求一般规律，历史科学描述个别事件，而哲学是关于那些要求对所有人有效的价值的批判科学。
定位
西南德意志学派的新康德主义者和哲学史家：他把探求规律的科学与描述个别事件的科学区分开来，并使哲学成为关于普遍有效的价值的批判科学。
核心思想
- 探求规律的科学与描述个别事件的科学（nomothetisch 与 idiographisch）
- 哲学作为关于普遍有效价值的批判科学
老师: 鲁道夫·赫尔曼·陆宰, 库诺·费舍
影响
受影响于 2
鲁道夫·赫尔曼·陆宰 师从
师从
Windelband studied with Lotze in Göttingen and wrote his 1870 dissertation under Lotze’s supervision. SEP “Wilhelm Windelband” (K. Kinzel), §1; SEP “Hermann Lotze” (D. Sullivan)
依据: AI 草稿
鲁道夫·赫尔曼·陆宰 › 1817–1881
库诺·费舍 师从
师从
Windelband attended Fischer’s lectures in Jena, and Fischer’s Kant scholarship shaped his work as a historian of philosophy. SEP “Wilhelm Windelband” (K. Kinzel), §1 and §2
依据: AI 草稿
库诺·费舍 › 1824–1907
影响了 3
海因里希·李凯尔特 教过
教过
Rickert wrote his dissertation under Windelband in Strasbourg (1888), later succeeded him in Heidelberg and drew on Windelband’s essay on history and natural science for his theory of science. SEP “Heinrich Rickert” (A. Staiti, L. Oliva), introduction; SEP “Neo-Kantianism” (J. Heis), §3
依据: AI 草稿
海因里希·李凯尔特 › 1863–1936
马克斯·韦伯
影响了
Weber followed Windelband in holding that historical and cultural knowledge differs in kind from natural-scientific knowledge. SEP “Max Weber” (S. H. Kim), §2.1 and §5.1
依据: AI 草稿
马克斯·韦伯 › 1864–1920
埃米尔·拉斯克 教过
教过
Lask studied under Windelband in Heidelberg and later habilitated there. SEP “Neo-Kantianism” (J. Heis), §3
依据: AI 草稿
埃米尔·拉斯克 › 1875–1915
批评
相互批评 1
威廉·狄尔泰 ⇄ 相互
批评了
In his Strasbourg rector’s address of 1894 Windelband rejected Dilthey’s way of marking off the human sciences by a distinct kind of experience and by descriptive psychology. SEP “Wilhelm Windelband” (K. Kinzel), §5; SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey” (R. Makkreel), §2.2
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Dilthey replied that many natural sciences have idiographic parts and many human sciences nomothetic aims, so Windelband’s division does not hold. SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey” (R. Makkreel), §2.2
依据: AI 草稿
威廉·狄尔泰 › 1833–1911
作品
立场
Windelband is on the map as a founder of the Southwest German School of neo-Kantianism and as a historian of philosophy. He understood philosophy as a critical science of the norms and values that claim validity, and read Kant against psychologism; in the essay Critical or Genetic Method? (1883) he set the critical method against the genetic one. In his Strasbourg rector’s address History and Natural Science (1894) he separated the nomothetic sciences, which seek general laws, from the idiographic sciences, which describe singular events, and made values the guide of historical knowledge. In the same address he rejected Dilthey’s way of marking off the human sciences by a distinct kind of experience and by descriptive psychology; Dilthey replied that many natural sciences have idiographic parts and many human sciences nomothetic aims, so that the division does not hold. His students Heinrich Rickert and Emil Lask carried the school on, and Max Weber followed him on the difference in kind between historical and natural-scientific knowledge.
生平与背景
Wilhelm Windelband was born in 1848 in Potsdam. He studied in Jena, Berlin and Göttingen; in Jena he attended the lectures of Kuno Fischer, in Göttingen he studied with Hermann Lotze, under whom he wrote his dissertation On the Doctrines of Chance (1870). He habilitated in Leipzig in 1873 and became professor in Zurich in 1876 and in Freiburg in 1877. From 1882 he taught in Strasbourg, where he was rector in 1894–95 and 1897–98, and later in Heidelberg, where he remained until his death in 1915.
其他主要作品
- Preludes (Präludien, 1883)
- Textbook of the History of Philosophy (Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Philosophie, 1891)
- History and Natural Science (Geschichte und Naturwissenschaft, 1894)
- On the Doctrines of Chance (Die Lehren vom Zufall, 1870)
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