C. G. Jung

Dzieła

• 1912Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (Przemiany i symbole libido)

  Dwuczęściowe studium (1911–12), które wychodzi od fantazji pewnej Amerykanki, „panny Miller”: libido ukazuje się jako energia psychiczna w ogóle, a mity o bohaterze, matce i ofierze jako jej symbole; druga część doprowadziła do zerwania z Freudem.

• 1921Typy psychologiczne

  Obszerne studium rozróżniające dwie postawy, introwersję i ekstrawersję, oraz cztery funkcje – myślenie, uczucie, doznawanie zmysłowe i intuicję; długie rozdziały śledzą problem typów u Tertuliana i Orygenesa, w średniowiecznym sporze o uniwersalia, u Schillera, Nietzschego i Williama Jamesa.

Stanowisko

Jung is on the map as a bridge figure from psychology. He held that the psyche is more than a personal history of repressed wishes: beneath the personal unconscious lies a collective unconscious whose archetypes – the shadow, anima and animus, the wise old man, the self – appear in dreams, myths, religions and alchemical texts. Libido, which Freud understood as sexual, he read as psychic energy in general, and over this the collaboration broke after “Transformations and Symbols of the Libido” (1912). “Psychological Types” (1921) distinguished introversion and extraversion and four functions – thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition – and read philosophers from the medieval quarrel over universals to Schiller, Nietzsche and William James as expressions of type. Religious ideas he treated as psychic facts about whose metaphysical truth, he insisted, psychology could say nothing. Philosophers took him up and argued with him: Bachelard drew on the archetypes in his poetics of the elements; Fromm objected that he reduced religion to psychology, Buber that he made God a content of the soul, Lévi-Strauss that he gave archetypes a fixed meaning. In academic psychology the pair introversion–extraversion became established; the theories of archetypes and of the collective unconscious, like his late work on synchronicity and alchemy, are widely regarded there as empirically untestable, and their influence has lain mainly in psychotherapy, religious studies and the humanities. His presidency (1933–40) of a psychotherapeutic society whose German section had been brought into line by the regime, and his own statements of 1933–34 on “Germanic” and “Jewish” psychology, are set out under “Context & critique”.

Życie i kontekst

Carl Gustav Jung was born on 26 July 1875 in Kesswil in the canton of Thurgau, the son of a Reformed pastor, and grew up near Basel. He studied medicine in Basel and in 1900 joined Eugen Bleuler at the Burghölzli psychiatric clinic in Zurich, where his word-association experiments led to the theory of feeling-toned complexes. In 1906 he began corresponding with Freud, who soon saw him as his successor; in 1910 Jung became the first president of the International Psychoanalytical Association. After the break with Freud in 1913 he went through years of inner crisis, recorded in the Red Book (published 2009), and developed his analytical psychology in private practice in Küsnacht. He travelled to North Africa, New Mexico, East Africa and India, lectured at the ETH Zurich from 1933 and at the Eranos meetings in Ascona; in 1948 the C. G. Jung Institute was founded in Zurich. He died in Küsnacht on 6 June 1961.

Dalsze główne dzieła

• Transformations and Symbols of the Libido (1912)
• Psychological Types (1921)
• The Relations between the Ego and the Unconscious (1928)
• Psychology and Religion (Terry Lectures 1937; 1938)
• Aion (1951)
• Answer to Job (1952)