Karol Darwin

Agora

Karol Darwin

1809–1882

Pierwsze przybliżeniecelowe uproszczenie – portret mówi więcej

Według Darwina wszystkie gatunki, w tym ludzie, rozwinęły się w ogromnym czasie przez dobór naturalny, bez żadnego planu ani projektanta.

Umiejscowienie

Nauki przyrodnicze i nauki o człowieku · Europa Północna · Nauka

Ewolucja przez dobór naturalny – umieściła ludzkość w historii naturalnej.

Kluczowe idee

Dobór naturalny
Pochodzenie człowieka

Otwórz na mapie gwiazd

Wpływ

Wpływ na 14

Herbert Spencer

wpływ na
Spencer had formulated his evolutionism before Darwin, but after reading the Origin of Species he coined ‘survival of the fittest’ for natural selection (Principles of Biology, 1864). H. Spencer, The Principles of Biology, vol. I (1864); C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859), 5th ed. (1869); SEP “Herbert Spencer”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Herbert Spencer › 1820–1903
William James

wpływ na
James’s Principles of Psychology (1890) treated mind as a function serving the organism’s adaptation, and ‘Great Men and Their Environment’ (1880) applied Darwin’s spontaneous variation to history. W. James, “Great Men and Their Environment” (1880); The Principles of Psychology (1890); SEP “William James”
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William James › 1842–1910
Sigmund Freud

wpływ na
Freud took Darwin’s primal horde as a premise of Totem und Tabu (1912–13) and called his theory of descent the ‘biological’ blow to human self-love (1917). S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1912–13); “Eine Schwierigkeit der Psychoanalyse” (1917); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871); F. J. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind (1979)
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Sigmund Freud › 1856–1939
Henri Bergson

wpływ na ✓
In Creative Evolution (1907) Bergson accepted evolution but argued that Darwin’s insensible accidental variations cannot explain convergent organs such as the eye, positing a vital impetus. H. Bergson, L’Évolution créatrice (1907); SEP “Henri Bergson”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Henri Bergson › 1859–1941
John Dewey

wpływ na
In ‘The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy’ (1909) Dewey argued that the Origin of Species turned thought from fixed essences and final ends to change and concrete problems. J. Dewey, The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy and Other Essays (1910); SEP “John Dewey”
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John Dewey › 1859–1952
Daniel Dennett

wpływ na
Dennett read Darwin’s natural selection as an algorithmic process that yields design without a designer, a ‘universal acid’ for traditional ideas of purpose (Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, 1995). D. C. Dennett, Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life (1995); C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859)
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Daniel Dennett › 1942–2024

Pokaż wszystko (14)Pokaż mniej

Fryderyk Engels

wpływ na
Engels likened Marx’s law of history to Darwin’s law of organic nature (graveside speech, 1883) and drew on Darwin for an essay on labour in human evolution (1876). F. Engels, speech at Marx’s grave (1883); “Anteil der Arbeit an der Menschwerdung des Affen” (1876, publ. 1896); letter to Marx (Dec. 1859)
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Fryderyk Engels › 1820–1895
Francis Galton

wpływ na
Galton, Darwin’s half-cousin, said the Origin of Species turned him to heredity; Hereditary Genius (1869) led to his eugenics, which scholarship rejects as scientifically and ethically untenable. F. Galton, Hereditary Genius (1869); Memories of My Life (1908); C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859)
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Francis Galton › 1822–1911
Piotr Kropotkin

wpływ na
Against Huxley’s ‘struggle for existence’ Kropotkin invoked the social instincts of Darwin’s Descent of Man (1871) to make mutual aid a factor of evolution (Mutual Aid, 1902). P. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902); T. H. Huxley, “The Struggle for Existence” (1888); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871)
Źródło: szkic AI
Piotr Kropotkin › 1842–1921
Paul Rée

wpływ na
Rée’s Ursprung der moralischen Empfindungen builds an evolutionary moral psychology on Darwin’s account of morality and altruism. Cadernos Nietzsche 37 (1), 2016 (abstract read); R. Small, Nietzsche and Rée (2005)
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Paul Rée › 1849–1901
Yan Fu

wpływ na
In ‘On Strength’ (Yuan qiang, 1895) and the Tianyanlun (1898) Yan Fu introduced Darwin’s natural selection as a process in which things contend and Heaven chooses (wujing tianze), applying it to nations. Yan Fu, Yuan qiang (1895); Tianyanlun (1898); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (1964)
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Yan Fu › 1854–1921
Edvard Westermarck

wpływ na
Westermarck framed The History of Human Marriage (1891) with Darwin’s theory of descent and selection, arguing that lasting pair bonds, not promiscuity, go back to the earliest humans. E. Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage (1891); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871)
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Edvard Westermarck › 1862–1939
George Herbert Mead

wpływ na
Mead started his account of the ‘conversation of gestures’ from Darwin’s Expression of the Emotions (1872), reading gestures socially rather than as expression (Mind, Self, and Society, 1934). G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); C. Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
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George Herbert Mead › 1863–1931
Mary Midgley

wpływ na
Midgley used Darwin and ethology to place human nature among the animals (Beast and Man, 1978) and criticised making evolution a secular creed (Evolution as a Religion, 1985). M. Midgley, Beast and Man (1978); Evolution as a Religion (1985)
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Mary Midgley › 1919–2018

Krytyka

Krytyka ze strony 4

Dżamal ad-Din al-Afghani

krytyka ze strony
Al-Afghani’s Refutation of the Materialists (1881) ridiculed Darwin’s theory among the ‘naturalist’ doctrines that, in his view, dissolve religion, morality and society. Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, al-Radd ʿalā al-dahriyyīn (1881), tr. N. R. Keddie, An Islamic Response to Imperialism, 1968
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Dżamal ad-Din al-Afghani › 1838–1897
Friedrich Nietzsche

krytyka ze strony
Nietzsche’s ‘Anti-Darwin’ objected that life seeks power, not mere survival, and that the struggle favours the weak over the exceptional (Twilight of the Idols, 1889). F. Nietzsche, Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), Skirmishes §14 “Anti-Darwin”; Die fröhliche Wissenschaft (1887), §349; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
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Friedrich Nietzsche › 1844–1900
Sylvia Wynter

krytyka ze strony
In “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being” (2003) Wynter read Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) as the founding text of a second, biocentric conception of Man, in which the colonised and the poor appeared as the “dysselected” – a self-description of the West she set out to unsettle. S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3:3 (2003), 257–337
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Sylvia Wynter › ur. 1928
Jerry Alan Fodor

krytyka ze strony
With Piattelli-Palmarini, Fodor argued that natural selection cannot distinguish traits selected for from coextensive ‘free riders’ and so does not explain adaptation (What Darwin Got Wrong, 2010). J. Fodor & M. Piattelli-Palmarini, What Darwin Got Wrong (2010), part II
Źródło: szkic AI
Jerry Alan Fodor › 1935–2017

Dzieła

1859O powstawaniu gatunków
Dobór naturalny jako motor ewolucji.

Stanowisko

Darwin explained the diversity of life without a designer. Organisms vary, more are born than can survive, and those variations that help in the struggle for existence are passed on more often. Over vast periods this natural selection produces new species, all descended from common ancestors. The apparent design in nature, which theologians had used as proof of God, could thus arise from an undirected process. In The Descent of Man he applied the theory to humans, including our moral sense and emotions. Darwin changed how philosophy thinks about human nature, purpose, ethics and knowledge, from pragmatism to evolutionary epistemology.

Życie i kontekst

Born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, Darwin abandoned medicine in Edinburgh and studied for the clergy in Cambridge. The voyage of HMS Beagle (1831–1836), above all to South America and the Galápagos, made him a naturalist. He then lived as a private scholar at Down House in Kent for decades, publishing his theory in 1859 after Alfred Russel Wallace reached similar ideas. He died in 1882.