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Jean-François Lyotard

1924–1998

Pierwsze przybliżeniecelowe uproszczenie – portret mówi więcej

Nikt już nie wierzy w wielkie opowieści o postępie i wyzwoleniu – wiedza jest dziś wieloma małymi grami językowymi bez narracji nadrzędnej.

Umiejscowienie

Strukturalizm i poststrukturalizm · Europa Zachodnia · Epistemologia, Polityka i prawo, Estetyka

„Kondycja ponowoczesna”: koniec wielkich narracji.

Kluczowe idee

  • Koniec wielkich narracji
  • Różnica (le différend)
  • Wzniosłość

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Wpływ

Pod wpływem 4

  • Immanuel Kant

    pod wpływem

    Lyotard took from Kant the heterogeneity of the faculties and the sublime as presentation of the unpresentable (Le différend, 1983; Leçons sur l’Analytique du sublime, 1991). J.-F. Lyotard, Le différend (1983); L’enthousiasme. La critique kantienne de l’histoire (1986); Leçons sur l’Analytique du sublime (1991); SEP “Jean François Lyotard”

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804

  • Sigmund Freud

    pod wpływem

    Lyotard took Freud’s dream-work as a model of the figural that disrupts discourse (Discours, figure, 1971) and his economics of libido for Économie libidinale (1974). J.-F. Lyotard, Discours, figure (1971); Économie libidinale (1974); Dérive à partir de Marx et Freud (1973); SEP “Jean François Lyotard”

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    Sigmund Freud › 1856–1939

  • Ludwig Wittgenstein

    pod wpływem

    Lyotard took Wittgenstein’s language games as the model for the heterogeneity of discourses in The Postmodern Condition (1979), later recast as incommensurable phrase regimens (Le différend, 1983). J.-F. Lyotard, La condition postmoderne (1979); Le différend (1983); L. Wittgenstein, Philosophische Untersuchungen (1953); SEP “Jean François Lyotard”

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    Ludwig Wittgenstein › 1889–1951

  • Cornelius Castoriadis

    pod wpływem

    As a member of Socialisme ou Barbarie (1954–64) Lyotard adopted Castoriadis’s critique of bureaucracy, Soviet and capitalist, before splitting with him in 1963 over his revision of Marxism. J.-F. Lyotard, La guerre des Algériens. Écrits 1956–1963 (1989); Pérégrinations (1988); SEP “Jean François Lyotard”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Cornelius Castoriadis › 1922–1997

Krytyka

Krytykuje 3

  • Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

    krytykuje

    Lyotard treated Hegel’s speculative unity of knowledge as one of the grand narratives of legitimation that have lost their credibility (The Postmodern Condition, 1979, §§ 9–10). J.-F. Lyotard, La condition postmoderne (1979), §§ 9–10; Le différend (1983)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831

  • Karol Marks pod wpływem

    pod wpływem

    In Socialisme ou Barbarie Lyotard analysed the Algerian war in Marxist terms of class and colonial exploitation (1956–63; La guerre des Algériens, 1989), before breaking with Marxism. J.-F. Lyotard, La guerre des Algériens. Écrits 1956–1963 (1989); Pérégrinations (1988); SEP “Jean François Lyotard”

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    krytykuje

    Lyotard broke with Marxism in Libidinal Economy (1974) and later counted the narrative of proletarian emancipation among the grand narratives that have lost credibility (The Postmodern Condition, 1979). J.-F. Lyotard, Économie libidinale (1974); La condition postmoderne (1979)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Karol Marks › 1818–1883

  • Jürgen Habermas

    krytykuje

    Lyotard objected that Habermas’s aim of universal consensus through discourse rests on an outdated narrative of emancipation and does violence to heterogeneous language games (The Postmodern Condition, 1979). J.-F. Lyotard, La condition postmoderne (1979), §14; “Réponse à la question: qu’est-ce que le postmoderne?” (1982)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Jürgen Habermas › 1929–2026

Dzieła

Stanowisko

Lyotard’s The Postmodern Condition, originally a report on knowledge in advanced societies commissioned by the government of Quebec, made “postmodern” a key word. Modernity, he argued, legitimated itself through “grand narratives”: the emancipation of humanity, the progress of reason, the realisation of the spirit. Postmodernity is defined by “incredulity toward metanarratives”; knowledge splits into many heterogeneous language games, and science legitimates itself increasingly through performance and efficiency. In The Differend he analysed conflicts in which there is no common rule for judging both sides, so that one party’s wrong cannot even be expressed. Lyotard also revived the aesthetics of the sublime as a way to bear witness to what cannot be represented.

Życie i kontekst

Lyotard was born in Versailles in 1924 and taught philosophy in Algeria in the early 1950s. For a decade he belonged to the left-wing group Socialisme ou Barbarie before breaking with Marxism. He taught at the University of Paris VIII (Vincennes), co-founded the Collège international de philosophie and later also taught in the United States, at Irvine and Emory.

Dalsze główne dzieła

  • Phenomenology (1954)
  • Discourse, Figure (1971)
  • Libidinal Economy (1974)
  • The Postmodern Condition (1979)
  • The Differend (1983)

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