Norbert Elias
Przez stulecia, w miarę jak państwa rosły, a ludzie stawali się bardziej od siebie zależni, uczyli się kontrolować swoje impulsy i odczuwać wstyd tam, gdzie wcześniejsze pokolenia go nie czuły.
Umiejscowienie
Prześledził, jak maniery stołowe, wstyd i samokontrola zmieniały się wraz z kształtowaniem się państw: „proces cywilizacji” łączy historię społeczeństwa z historią uczuć.
Kluczowe idee
- Proces cywilizacji
- Od przymusu zewnętrznego do samoprzymusu
- Figuracje zamiast „jednostka kontra społeczeństwo”
- Zasiedziali i outsiderzy
Nauczyciele: Karl Mannheim
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 6
Auguste Comte
pod wpływem
Elias opened What is Sociology? (1970) with Comte, valuing his move from a philosophical to a sociological theory of knowledge as a long-term process across generations. N. Elias, Was ist Soziologie? (1970), “Soziologie – die Fragestellung Comtes”; S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
Źródło: szkic AI
Auguste Comte › 1798–1857
Karol Marks
pod wpływem
Elias valued Marx’s study of long-term social development but rejected the primacy of the economy, setting monopolies of violence and taxation beside it (Was ist Soziologie?, 1970). N. Elias, Was ist Soziologie? (1970); Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939), vol. II; S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
Źródło: szkic AI
Karol Marks › 1818–1883
Sigmund Freud
pod wpływem
Elias drew on Freud’s account of drive control and the superego to show how external constraints become self-constraint in the civilising process (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, 1939). N. Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939); S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
Źródło: szkic AI
Sigmund Freud › 1856–1939
Max Weber
pod wpływem ✓
Elias took Weber’s definition of the state by its monopoly of legitimate force and traced how monopolies of violence and taxation formed (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, 1939). N. Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939), vol. II; M. Weber, “Politik als Beruf” (1919)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Max Weber › 1864–1920
Johan Huizinga
pod wpływem
Elias drew on Huizinga’s picture of volatile late-medieval emotions (Autumn of the Middle Ages, 1919) as a baseline for growing affect control (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, 1939). N. Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939), vol. I; J. Huizinga, Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (1919)
Źródło: szkic AI
Johan Huizinga › 1872–1945
Karl Mannheim nauczyciel(ka)
nauczyciel(ka) ✓
Elias was Mannheim’s assistant at the University of Frankfurt from 1930 to 1933 and wrote his Habilitation thesis on court society with him; the procedure could not be completed after 1933, and the work appeared only in 1969 as Die höfische Gesellschaft. N. Elias, Über sich selbst (1990; Engl. Reflections on a Life, 1994)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Karl Mannheim › 1893–1947
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 1
Zygmunt Bauman
krytyka ze strony
Bauman argued against reading the Holocaust as a lapse of Elias’s civilising process: modern bureaucracy and rationality made it possible (Modernity and the Holocaust, 1989, ch. 1). Z. Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (1989), ch. 1
Źródło: szkic AI
Zygmunt Bauman › 1925–2017
Krytykuje 2
Kartezjusz
krytykuje
Elias traced the image of the individual as a homo clausus, sealed off from others, to Descartes’ cogito, and opposed it with figurations (Civilizing Process, 1969 introduction). N. Elias, Über den Prozeß der Zivilisation, 2nd ed. (1969), Introduction; Die Gesellschaft der Individuen (1987), Part II
Źródło: szkic AI
Kartezjusz › 1596–1650
Immanuel Kant
krytykuje
Elias rejected Kant’s timeless a priori categories, arguing that concepts such as time and causality are learned and developed socially over generations (Über die Zeit, 1984). N. Elias, Über die Zeit (1984); on his dissertation dispute with R. Hönigswald: Notizen zum Lebenslauf (1984)
Źródło: szkic AI
Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804
Dzieła
Od średniowiecznych manier stołowych po nowoczesne państwo: w miarę wzrostu monopoli siły i łańcuchów współzależności przymus zewnętrzny zamienia się w samoprzymus.
Stanowisko
Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939) connects two levels that are usually studied apart. Using books of manners from the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Elias traced how rules about eating, blowing one’s nose, sleeping, sexuality and violence grew stricter: what was once done openly became embarrassing and was moved behind the scenes, while the thresholds of shame and disgust rose. In the second volume he linked this to the formation of states: as rulers monopolised violence and taxation, and as chains of interdependence grew longer, people had to foresee consequences and restrain themselves more. External constraint turned into self-constraint. Elias rejected the image of the individual as a closed “homo clausus” facing society; he spoke instead of “figurations”, webs of mutually dependent people whose balance of power shifts over time. The approach shaped his studies of court society, of “established and outsiders” in a community near Leicester, of sport and of the Germans. Critics, notably Zygmunt Bauman and Hans Peter Duerr, objected that the Holocaust and ethnographic evidence contradict any simple story of progress; Elias replied that civilising processes can be reversed.
Życie i kontekst
Norbert Elias was born in 1897 in Breslau (now Wrocław) into a Jewish family. After serving in the First World War he studied medicine and philosophy and took his doctorate in philosophy in 1924. He moved to Heidelberg to work with Alfred Weber and in 1930 followed Karl Mannheim to Frankfurt as his assistant. In 1933 he fled to Paris and in 1935 to London, where he wrote his major work; it appeared in Switzerland in 1939 and went almost unnoticed. In 1940 he was interned as an “enemy alien”; his mother was murdered in the Holocaust. Only in 1954, at 57, did he gain a regular university post, at Leicester; from 1962 to 1964 he taught in Ghana. Recognition came late: in 1977 he was the first recipient of the Adorno Prize. He died in Amsterdam in 1990.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- On the Process of Civilisation (1939)
- The Established and the Outsiders (with John L. Scotson, 1965)
- The Court Society (1969)
- What Is Sociology? (1970)
- The Society of Individuals (1987)
- Studies on the Germans (1989)
Stan na listopad 2026 · Źródła · Ulepsz tę stronę · Jak powstaje Agora