إدوارد سعيد
اخترع الغرب صورة للشرق بوصفه غريبًا ومتخلفًا، وخدمت تلك الصورة في تسويغ السيطرة عليه.
التموضع
الاستشراق: كيف بنى الغرب «الشرق» صورةً مضادة له.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الاستشراق
- القراءة الطباقية
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 7
جيامباتيستا فيكو
تأثّر بـ
Said took from Vico, discussed in Beginnings (1975), the principle that humans know what they have made, treating the Orient as a human construction (Orientalism, 1978). E. W. Said, Beginnings: Intention and Method (1975); Orientalism (1978), introduction; SEP “Giambattista Vico”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جيامباتيستا فيكو › 1668–1744
أنطونيو غرامشي
تأثّر بـ
Said explained Orientalism’s durability with Gramsci’s hegemony and took from the Prison Notebooks the task of an ‘inventory’ of history’s traces in oneself (Orientalism, 1978). E. W. Said, Orientalism (1978), introduction; A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أنطونيو غرامشي › 1891–1937
إيمي سيزير
تأثّر بـ
In Culture and Imperialism (1993, ch. 3) Said read Césaire’s Notebook of a Return to the Native Land and his rewriting of The Tempest (1969) as works of a culture of resistance in which the colonised reclaim their own history. E. W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (1993), ch. 3 “Resistance and Opposition”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيمي سيزير › 1913–2008
ريموند وليامز
تأثّر بـ
Said built on Williams’s The Country and the City (1973) and his structures of feeling, while noting that Williams said little about empire (Culture and Imperialism, 1993). E. W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (1993); The World, the Text, and the Critic (1983); R. Williams, The Country and the City (1973)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ريموند وليامز › 1921–1988
فرانتس فانون
تأثّر بـ
Said read Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth (1961) as a theory of liberation that also warns against national elites repeating colonial rule (Culture and Imperialism, 1993). E. W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (1993); F. Fanon, Les damnés de la terre (1961); SEP “Frantz Fanon”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فرانتس فانون › 1925–1961
ميشال فوكو
تأثّر بـ ✓
Said used Foucault’s notion of discourse to describe Orientalism as knowledge bound up with colonial power, while giving more weight than Foucault to individual authors (Orientalism, 1978). E. W. Said, Orientalism (1978), introduction; M. Foucault, L’archéologie du savoir (1969); SEP “Michel Foucault”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
ميشال فوكو › 1926–1984
حسين العطاس
تأثّر بـ
In Culture and Imperialism (1993) Said cited Alatas’s The Myth of the Lazy Native (1977) as scholarship exposing the colonial image of the native as ideology. E. W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (1993); S. H. Alatas, The Myth of the Lazy Native (1977)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
حسين العطاس › 1928–2007
أثّر في 1
ليندا سميث
أثّر في
Tuhiwai Smith used Said’s Orientalism to describe the ‘positional superiority’ of Western knowledge and the imperial archive through which research classified others (Decolonizing Methodologies, 1999). L. Tuhiwai Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies (1999); E. Said, Orientalism (1978)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ليندا سميث › وُلد 1950
النقد
انتقده 1
صادق جلال العظم
انتقده
Al-Azm objected that Said, by tracing Orientalism back to Homer and Aeschylus, made it an unchanging essence of the West, and that those who answered it with an unchanging Islamic or Arab essence practised Orientalism in reverse. S. J. al-Azm, “Orientalism and Orientalism in Reverse”, Khamsin 8 (1981)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
صادق جلال العظم › 1934–2016
الأعمال
معرفة الشرق أداةً للسلطة الغربية.
الموقف
In Orientalism Said examined how European scholarship, literature and politics since the eighteenth century created an image of “the Orient” as exotic, irrational, unchanging and in need of guidance – the counter-image against which the West defined itself as rational and progressive. Drawing on Foucault’s analysis of discourse and power and on Gramsci’s concept of hegemony, he argued that this knowledge was not innocent but bound up with colonial domination. In Culture and Imperialism he extended the analysis to the great novels of the nineteenth century and proposed a “contrapuntal” reading that brings out the colonial world hidden in them. Said became one of the founders of postcolonial studies, and his work still provokes debate.
الحياة والسياق
Said was born in Jerusalem in 1935 into a Palestinian Christian family and grew up partly in Cairo. He studied at Princeton and Harvard and taught English and comparative literature at Columbia University in New York from 1963 until his death. A prominent advocate of Palestinian rights, he co-founded the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra with Daniel Barenboim. He died in 2003.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Question of Palestine (1979)
- Culture and Imperialism (1993)
- Out of Place (1999)
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