غاياتري شاكرافورتي سبيفاك
لا يستطيع الأشد اضطهادًا أن يُسمعوا أصواتهم، لأن حتى من يتكلمون باسمهم يفرضون مقولاتهم هم.
التموضع
منظّرة أدبية وإحدى مؤسِّسات نظرية ما بعد الاستعمار (ومترجمة «في علم الكتابة» لدريدا): يسأل «هل يمكن للتابع أن يتكلم؟» من يحق له أن يتكلم باسم من.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- التابع
- الماهوية الاستراتيجية
- العنف المعرفي
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 3
كارل ماركس
تأثّر بـ
Spivak read Marx’s distinction between political representation (vertreten) and portrayal (darstellen) in The Eighteenth Brumaire against Foucault and Deleuze (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1988); “Scattered Speculations on the Question of Value”, Diacritics 15 (1985); K. Marx, Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte (1852)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
أنطونيو غرامشي
تأثّر بـ
Spivak took Gramsci’s term ‘subaltern’, via Subaltern Studies, and asked whether those excluded from hegemonic representation can be heard (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography” (1985), in In Other Worlds (1987); “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أنطونيو غرامشي › 1891–1937
جاك دريدا
تأثّر بـ
Spivak translated Derrida’s Of Grammatology (1976) with a long preface and used deconstruction to ask who speaks for the subaltern (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). J. Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. and preface G. C. Spivak (1976); G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جاك دريدا › 1930–2004
أثّر في 1
كريستي دوتسون
أثّر في
Dotson took the term ‘epistemic violence’ from Spivak’s ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ (1988) and analysed it as a failure of audiences to take up speakers’ testimony (2011). K. Dotson, “Tracking Epistemic Violence, Tracking Practices of Silencing”, Hypatia 26 (2011); G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كريستي دوتسون › معاصر
النقد
ينتقد 2
جيل دولوز
انتقد
Spivak objected that Deleuze, with Foucault in ‘Intellectuals and Power’ (1972), conflates two senses of representation, speaking-for (vertreten) and portraying (darstellen) (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988); M. Foucault & G. Deleuze, “Les intellectuels et le pouvoir”, L’Arc 49 (1972)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جيل دولوز › 1925–1995
ميشال فوكو
انتقد
Spivak argued that Foucault’s analysis of power stays within Europe, ignoring the epistemic violence of imperialism and the international division of labour (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ميشال فوكو › 1926–1984
الأعمال
المثقفون الغربيون الذين يزعمون أنهم يتيحون للمقهورين الكلام يُسكتونهم مرة أخرى.
الموقف
Spivak combines deconstruction, Marxism and feminism to examine how knowledge and power work across the colonial divide. In her essay “Can the Subaltern Speak?” she argued that the most marginalized, above all poor women in the colonized world, are silenced twice: by colonial power and by the well-meaning Western intellectuals who claim to speak for them. She called this “epistemic violence.” To make political struggle possible without fixing identities, she proposed a “strategic essentialism,” a provisional and self-aware use of group identities. Her work became a cornerstone of postcolonial studies and shaped debates in literary theory, feminism and the humanities worldwide.
الحياة والسياق
Spivak was born in Calcutta in 1942 and studied English at Presidency College there. In 1961 she went to the United States and earned her doctorate at Cornell under Paul de Man. Her translation of Derrida’s Of Grammatology, with a long preface, made her known in 1976. She has taught at Columbia University since 1991 and has long supported rural schools in West Bengal.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- In Other Worlds (1987)
- A Critique of Postcolonial Reason (1999)
- Death of a Discipline (2003)
يرد في
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora