ستيوارت هال
الثقافة والإعلام ساحتا صراع على السلطة: فبوسع الجمهور أن يقرأ الرسائل عكس ما أُريد منها، والهويات تُصنع باستمرار ولا تُورَّث وراثةً بسيطة.
التموضع
من مؤسسي الدراسات الثقافية البريطانية: الرسائل الإعلامية تُشفَّر وتُفكّ شفرتها، والهويات الثقافية ليست أصولًا ثابتة بل مواقع تُصنع في التاريخ والسلطة.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- التشفير وفك التشفير
- الهيمنة و«الثاتشرية»
- الهوية تموضعًا
- الشتات والإثنيات الجديدة
التلاميذ: بول غيلروي
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 7
كارل ماركس
تأثّر بـ ✓
In a close reading of Marx’s 1857 Introduction (1974) Hall derived a non-reductive method of articulation; later he sought a ‘Marxism without guarantees’ (‘The Problem of Ideology’, 1983). S. Hall, “Marx’s Notes on Method: A ‘Reading’ of the ‘1857 Introduction’”, Working Papers in Cultural Studies 6 (1974); “The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees” (1983)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
أنطونيو غرامشي
تأثّر بـ
Hall used Gramsci’s hegemony to read Thatcherism, an ‘authoritarian populism’, as a struggle for consent, and stressed his relevance to race and ethnicity (1986, 1988). S. Hall, “Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity”, Journal of Communication Inquiry 10 (1986); The Hard Road to Renewal (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أنطونيو غرامشي › 1891–1937
رولان بارت
تأثّر بـ
Hall used Barthes’s denotation and connotation, and his analysis of myth, to show how television encodes preferred meanings (‘Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse’, 1973). S. Hall, “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse”, CCCS Stencilled Occasional Paper 7 (1973); R. Barthes, Mythologies (1957); Éléments de sémiologie (1964)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
رولان بارت › 1915–1980
ريموند وليامز
تأثّر بـ
Hall counted Williams’s Culture and Society (1958) and The Long Revolution (1961) among the founding texts of the ‘culturalist’ paradigm of cultural studies (‘Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms’, 1980). S. Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980); R. Williams, Culture and Society (1958); The Long Revolution (1961)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ريموند وليامز › 1921–1988
فرانتس فانون
تأثّر بـ
Hall reread Black Skin, White Masks (1952) for Fanon’s account of racism lived through the gaze and the body (‘The After-life of Frantz Fanon’, 1996). S. Hall, “The After-life of Frantz Fanon: Why Fanon? Why Now? Why Black Skin, White Masks?”, in A. Read (ed.), The Fact of Blackness (1996); SEP “Frantz Fanon”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فرانتس فانون › 1925–1961
ميشال فوكو
تأثّر بـ
Hall adopted Foucault’s concept of discourse to study representation as the production of knowledge and power, not the mere reflection of meaning (‘The Work of Representation’, 1997). S. Hall (ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (1997), “The Work of Representation”; SEP “Michel Foucault”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ميشال فوكو › 1926–1984
نيكوس بولانتزاس
تأثّر بـ
Hall read Poulantzas’s State, Power, Socialism as moving beyond the structuralism of his early work, towards the state as a condensation of class forces (1980). S. Hall, “Nicos Poulantzas: State, Power, Socialism”, New Left Review 119 (1980); N. Poulantzas, L’État, le pouvoir, le socialisme (1978)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
نيكوس بولانتزاس › 1936–1979
أثّر في 1
بول غيلروي علّم
علّم
Gilroy wrote his doctoral thesis (1986) at the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, which Hall had directed until 1979; the Holberg Prize biography names Hall and Richard Johnson as his supervisors. Holberg Prize, laureate biography of P. Gilroy (2019)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بول غيلروي › وُلد 1956
النقد
ينتقد 1
لوي ألتوسير تأثّر بـ
تأثّر بـ
Hall took from Althusser the relative autonomy of ideology and overdetermination, and counted structuralism, beside culturalism, as one of the two paradigms of cultural studies (1980). S. Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980); L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
انتقد
Hall valued Althusser’s theory of ideology but objected that it explains reproduction too functionally, leaving no room for contradiction and struggle (‘Signification, Representation, Ideology’, 1985). S. Hall, “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post-Structuralist Debates”, Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (1985), 91–114
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لوي ألتوسير › 1918–1990
الأعمال
تُرمَّز الرسائل الإعلامية بمعنى مفضَّل، لكن الجمهور قد يفك ترميزها بطرق مهيمنة أو تفاوضية أو معارضة.
الموقف
Hall helped turn the study of culture – television, youth subcultures, popular music, the press – into a serious field of social analysis. Against the idea that audiences simply absorb what the media transmit, his “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse” (1973) argued that messages are encoded within dominant codes but may be decoded in a dominant, a negotiated or an oppositional way. Drawing on Gramsci, he analysed hegemony as a never-finished struggle for consent. Policing the Crisis (1978, with colleagues) showed how a moral panic about “mugging” in the early 1970s linked race and crime and prepared the ground for authoritarian politics; in January 1979, months before Margaret Thatcher’s election, he coined the term “Thatcherism” for this new “authoritarian populism”. In his later work on race, ethnicity and diaspora Hall argued that cultural identities are not an essence rooted in a fixed past but “positionings” produced within history, language and power; Black British and Caribbean identities are made through movement and mixture. His non-reductive Marxism, open to Althusser, Foucault and Fanon but critical of every determinism, shaped cultural studies worldwide.
الحياة والسياق
Stuart Hall was born in 1932 in Kingston, Jamaica, into a colour-conscious middle-class family. In 1951 he went to Merton College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar to study English, and never returned to live in Jamaica. He was a central figure of the British New Left and in 1960 became the founding editor of New Left Review. In 1964 Richard Hoggart brought him to the new Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham, which he led from 1968 – at first as acting director – until 1979. He was then professor of sociology at the Open University until 1997, reaching a wide audience through its broadcast teaching. He died in London in 2014.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse” (1973)
- Resistance Through Rituals (co-ed., 1975)
- Policing the Crisis (with others, 1978)
- “The Great Moving Right Show” (1979)
- “Cultural Identity and Diaspora” (1990)
- Familiar Stranger (with Bill Schwarz, posthumous, 2017)
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora